The definition of value action gap

The definition of value action gap Value-action Gap The value-action gap is a term used to describe the gap that can occur when the values or attitudes of an individual do not correlate to their actions. More generally, it is the difference between what people say and what people do. This discrepancy is most associated within environmental geography, as usually attitudes affect behavior; however the opposite often seems to be the case with regard to environmental attitudes and behaviors (Blake 1999; Barr 2004). The outcome is that there is a disparity between the value placed on the natural environment and the level of action taken by individuals to counter environmental problems. This has been termed the ‘value-action gap, or occasionally, it is referred to as the ‘attitude-behavior gap (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). Debates surrounding the issue of the value-action gap have mainly taken place within environmental and social psychology. Research is often based within cognitive theories of how attitudes are formed and how this affects individuals behavior (Blake 1999). This aims to explain why those with a high regard for environmental issues do not translate this into their behavior. The research suggests that there are many internal and external factors that affect behavior and the reasons behind consumer choices. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify the exact reasons for why this gap exists. When purchasing a product for example, many attributes are assessed when making decisions and these affect the reasons behind buying behavior such as; price, quality, convenience, and brand familiarity (Dickson 2001). Therefore, environmental or ethical considerations are often not taken into account, regardless of attitudes people have regarding the environment. Therefore, it is not a change in attitudes that is required, but a fundamental shift in behavior towards the environment and individuals use of natural resources, to ensure sustainable development and conservation of the environment. The rest of the page will outline the usage of the term in the literature, and examples in various studies. The final part will summarize the key debates surrounding why a value-action gap exists, starting with the most influential. 1. Development of the term: Summary: Theories regarding reasoned action state how attitudes shape and influence behavioral intention, which in term shape actions. The theory of reasoned action states that behavioral intention is dependent on attitudes surrounding that behavior and social norms (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975).   This means that a person acts or behaves in a way that correlates to their attitudes towards that behavior. Therefore, a persons voluntary behavior can be predicted by his/her attitudes and values on that behavior (Kaiser et al 1999). Homer and Kahle (1988) argue that attitudes influence behaviors and therefore values can explain the reasons behind human behavior. However, the opposite appears to be the case for certain actions, especially those related to environmental or ethical actions. In recent decades, public support for environmental protection measures has grown and, according to Barr (2004), there has also been a growing interest in ethical consumption. This has been fuelled by pressure groups, consumer groups, and even businesses (Young et al 2010).Furthermore, increased media coverage of environmental disasters and social problems has also resulted in a heightened concern of such issues. This was given a political boost by the publication of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (Stern 2006). Therefore, people are more aware of environmental issues, such as global warming or climate change. It is often reported that many people have a high concern for environmental issues and ethical consumption, for example, Dunlap (2002) used survey date which states that 54% of Americans agreed environmental protection was a key priority, even if economic growth was restricted. Furthermore, Banerjee and Solomon (2003) also argue that the general support for Ecolabels and ethical foods is high among the US public. With these studies in mine, it is expected that there would be an increase in pro-environmental behavior, such as recycling, or limiting energy usage (Flynn et al 2010). However, these positive attitudes have not translated into a large increase these behaviors and ethical consumption is still relatively low (Aguiar et al 2009). Thus, attitudes are not always a clear prediction of behavior, resulting in the ‘value-action gap. This is shown within the market share for ethical goods, which is low in comparison to other goods. According to Young et al (2010) the market share of ethical foods is only 5% of total food sales in the UK. Even well known, high-profile ethical products still have a small percentage of the market share. Ronchi (2006) reports that the global sales of Fairtrade were over US$83 million in 2003, yet the total value of Fairtrade sales accounts for little over 0.01% of global trade. Thus, consumers buying behavior does not reflect their positive attitudes towar d ethical products (De Pelsmacker et al 2006). This means that other factors are more significant that values relating to the environment. This environmental value-action gap is of key importance to environmental policy, as it is prevalent across scales, and finding ways to overcome it should increase the effectiveness of policies. 2. Application (Further explanation and examples): Even though many support ethical trade in principle, this is often not taken into consideration as a purchase criterion. Cohen and Murphy (2001) argue that for around 40% of consumers the environmental friendliness of a product will never be a factor in purchasing decisions regardless of positive attitudes towards ethical consumption. There are many studies which support the existence of a value-action gap. Mostly these can be found within the field of environmental geography. Lane and Potter (2007) found a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior regarding the adoption of cleaner vehicles. They reported that concern for the environmental impact of cars did not result in behavioral changes at the individual level. Thus, what consumers reported as their intended actions or concerns often did not translate into their actual behavior. Furthermore, Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) also found that positive consumer attitudes towards sustainability were not consistent with their behavioral patterns. They found that even when attitudes were positive towards sustainable dairy products, intentions to buy these products was low. They also found that peoples perceptions of the availability of sustainable dairy products was low, which might explain why intentions to buy was low.   Additionally, evidence of this gap has been found with organic food as illustrated by Hughner et al (2007) who show that despite 46-67% of the population expressing favorable attitudes for organic food, the actual purchase behavior is only 4-10% of different product ranges. 3. Key debates: The main debates surrounding the issue of the value action gap are described below: Factors that affect behavior: The key issue is why our attitudes often fail to materialize into concrete actions (Barr 2004). There are many factors that lead to an individuals behavior, and therefore it is not just personal values that affect behavior.   Peoples values are not fixed and are negotiated, and sometimes, contradictory. Cognitive factors alone will not adequately explain environmental action (Chung and Leung 2007). The decision-making process is hard to predict as positive attitudes are not followed by positive intentions. Attitudes alone are a poor predictor of intentional behavior as there are many more factors that influence pro-environmental behavior (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). In models of behavior, information generates knowledge, which then shapes attitudes, leading to behavior. However, what shapes behavior is a complex process. The result is that attitudes are not necessarily a clear determinant of behavior. Blake (1999) argues that the relationship between attitudes and behaviors is moderated by the structure of personal attitudes themselves; and external or situational constraints. He argues that if attitudes are based on direct experience then they are more likely to be predictors of behavior and behaviors often result from social norms. External or situational constraints refer to restrictions outside the individuals control, such as economic of political factors. Young et al (2010) argue point out that the gap can be due to â€Å"brand strength; culture, finance; habit; lack of information; lifestyles; personalities; or, trading off between different ethical factors† (p22). Moreover, time or convenience can often be the major determinant of consumer behavior, and therefore the value-action gap in understandable for environmental and ethical products. Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) argue that consumers are passive with regard to sustainable consumption, and work within their budget rather than following their values. Furthermore, behavior is often based on habit and therefore values concerning the environment are usually not taken into consideration. People act impulsively and in ways that do not correspond to their declared evaluations and goals (Boulstridge and Carrigan, (2000). Therefore, this can account for the low market share of sustainable products (Minteer et al 2004). There are also many different theories regarding how consumers make decisions. These can be applied to try and explain why there is a value-action gap for some behaviors. For example, microeconomic theory (consumer theory) states that, â€Å"humans make decisions that maximize their utility† (Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen 2006:188). Therefore, if buying ethical or environmental products does not maximize their utility then they will not purchase them, regardless of their attitudes towards these issues. Making these decisions requires a comparison of the costs and benefits of alternative actions, rather than about certain values, within their budgetary constraint. This means other factors, such as price or quality, are still more important. Moreover, Chatzidakis et al (2007) argue that consumers use neutralization techniques to justify pursuing their more selfish goals instead of purchasing environmental friendly or ethical products. Therefore, environmental values are usually less dominant in the decision-making. Thus, the main motivations for actions are self-interest rather than altruistic (McEachern and McClean 2002). Therefore, Ajzen and Fishbein (1975) point out that in order to find a high correlation between values and actions, the researcher has to measure the attitude toward that particular behavior. (The factors involved in making people willing to reduce environmental damage are fundamentally different from the factors involved in making people take active steps to reduce damage and to improve the environment.) Information deficit: One key explanation for the discrepancy between attitudes and buying behavior is the lack of information on certain issues (Dickson 2000). This is considered a significant barrier to ethical behavior. The most effective means to overcome the value-action gap is to translate environmental concern into pro-environmental behavior. Many argue this can be achieved by increasing information. Blake (1999) identifies that the core assumption regarding the value-action gap is that the main barrier between environmental concern and action is the lack of appropriate information. Eden (1996) argues that polices fail to understand the gap between information and action. She argues that understanding of issues creates awareness and it is this understanding that is the cause of behavior.   Hence, it is often considered that one of the most effective ways to encourage pro-environmental behavior is to highlight important facts around the issues. Environmental education is one way in which these environmental messages can be delivered, and therefore filling the value-action gap with information should help to change public behaviors (Gale 2008, Burgess et al., 1998). Furthermore, Owens (2000: 1142) argues that â€Å"if people had more information about environmental risks, they would become more virtuous†. Traditional thinking supported this idea that increased knowledge tended to encourage favorable attitudes which, in turn, lead to pro-environmental action. Burgess et al (1998) called this the ‘information deficit model. Many Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) still base their campaigns around increasing awareness, on the assumption that this will led to action (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). Some argue that to increase environmental action there needs to be educational marketing campaigns on the ethical and environmental issues to change peoples attitudes towards these issues, and thus change their behavior (McEachern and McClean 2002). Many environmental policies are based around this ‘information deficit model as policy-makers assume that environmental education will lead people to act in order to meet policy objectives (Blake 1999). Owens (2000) points out that governments often aim to encourage action by increasing awareness and knowledge about certain issues. For ex ample the UK governments ‘Are You Doing Your Bit? campaign which was launched in 1998 aimed to develop public understanding of sustainable development, and thus, to encourage a change in behavior of individuals. However, the effect of increasing information on behavioral change is debatable. Different people will respond and interpret the same environmental information in various ways and sometimes it is interpreted in an opposite way to what is expected (Myers Macnaghten, 1998). Barr and Gilg (2002) argue that just increasing information will not lead to a behavior change that would close this gap, and information-intensive campaigns are likely to be unproductive. Due to the increased media attention surrounding environmental issues, and products such as Fairtrade having a high profile, it could be argued that there is already a lot of information on these issues, and it is considered that in the West, general awareness on environmental issues is high (Thornton 2009). Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen (2006) point out that while people may be aware of ethical and environmental issues, this does not necessarily mean that it plays a major role in their actions. The result is that overall environmentally responsible behavior is low. These findings suggest that the value-action gap cannot be overcome simply by using an information deficit model of individual participation. Increasing information does not itself guarantee action at the individual level and information campaigns around raising awareness are not are effective as some may suppose (Jackson 2005). Even if values are high few people take environmental actions which involve changes to their lifestyle and often environmental actions that are taken are unrelated to particular concerns an individual may have.   This relates to broader issues surrounding methods of environmental governance. The value-action gap can be considered evidence against the use of non-state market driven (NSMD) form of governance which rely on consumers to create change.   If our attitudes are not translating into behavior then these methods are essentially flawed. This would suggest that other methods are more appropriate to encourage environmental action, such as regulation and economic incentives (taxes and grants)   (Retallack et al 2007) Attempts by government to affect public behavior have traditionally been based on providing knowledge through big publicity campaigns and changing behavior through Barriers to behavior: It is widely considered that there are many other barriers, besides a lack of information, which inhibit ethical behavior causing a value-action gap to exist. Numerous barriers can constrain motivations for action. Jackson (2005) uses the concept of ‘bounded rationality to explain how, even when individuals are pursuing utility, their decision making processes are ‘bounded by psychological and environmental constraints. Blake (1999) points out that various models of behavior are flawed in that they fail to take into consideration the social, individual and institutional constraints. Various conditions, institutions and personal day-to-day responsibilities constrain actions that can be regarded as ethical (Myers Macnaghten, 1998). Thus the cause of the value-action gap can be explained in terms of personal, social and structural barriers to action. Blake identifies that this gap is filled with barriers that block the progress from values to action. In his model, action is blocked by many factors intruding into the process, rather than just a lack of information. Moreover, barriers often overlap and are combined which limits behavioral change. Blake (1999) identifies three different categories of obstacles that exist between the sphere of concern and that of action: individuality; responsibility and practicality. However, which factors are important will vary for different individuals and environmental actions. * Individual barriers refer to environmental concerns being outweighed by other conflicting attitudes. People may perceive themselves as the wrong type of person to carry out ethical actions. * Responsibility barriers refers to the idea that people may not act despite supporting environmental action, because they believe it is not their responsibility to help solve environmental problems. Jackson (2005) identifies that the acceptance of personal responsibility for ones actions and an awareness of their consequences is the basis for the intention to perform a pro-environmental or pro-social behavior. ( Lack of trust) * Finally, practical constraints prevent people from adopting pro-environmental action, regardless of their attitudes or intentions. These include lack of time, money, physical storage space (in the case of recycling), as well as lack of information, encouragement and pro-environmental facilities such as recycling and adequate public transport provision. Some people may also be physically unable to carry out some environmental actions. There will be some overlaps between different barriers and the reasons why people do not engage in pro-environmental action. Therefore, Blake argues that policies need to tackle these barriers, not just provide more information or recycling facilities. Retallack et al (2007) also identifies other barriers such as uncertainty, skepticism about the issue and distrust of national governments and organizations. organizations that are trusted more by the public, such as environmental NGOs, are likely to be most successful. Attitude-Behaviour-Constraint (ABC) Model of Paul Stern (2000) Market-based mechanisms. Solutions: Criticism: * 4 See also Attitudes, behavior, cognitive psychology, social psychology, theory of planned behavior, social marketing Commentary: I chose this topic because the gap between attitudes and behaviors is something that really interests me.   I find it interesting that people can have values on something but then not act upon them. This is something I wanted to explore further, and try to tease out what the barriers to action were, leading to a value-action gap. The term value-action gap did not have a page so   I thought it was appropriate to create one, furthermore there is very little on the whole of Wikipedia on this topic as other key terms, such as the ‘information-deficit model did not have a page. However, this also made it more difficult writing my own page as I could not hyperlink these terms, meaning I had to add more explanation. I created the page by adding a short summary on the value-action gap, then going into a more detailed explanation of the term. The article then goes on to explore some of the key debates surrounding the issue. Both for and against arguments are explored in order to maintain neutrality to the page. Therefore, writing neutral while still being critical.   I followed the structure of other pages relating to environmental geography to ensure coherence within Wikipedia. The three schools of thought start with the earliest/most influential. In comparison to the length of other essays written this year, I found this assignment difficult due to the limited space allocated to explore the topic. This meant that some points were not as detailed as I would have liked and there were other points I would have liked to have included.   Therefore, I chose to narrow to page down to a few detailed points and focus on a specific topic. I wanted to ensure the individual sections were not too long as on Wikipedia many articles are split into quite small sections. Also due to the layout of the website, even 500 words can look like a lot. The phrase ‘value-action gap is rarely a topic itself in the literature, therefore writing a neutral page explaining the term was difficult. I wanted to make sure that anyone could understand it, even if they had to prior knowledge to environmental issues. The idea of the value-action gap is also something that can potentially affect everyone, and therefore I thought it would be a good topic for Wikipedia, as anyone can understand and relate to the issues in hand. I also purposely used clear and concise language to ensure anyone; especially people without academic knowledge could also understand the topic. Reflection on the feedback from the last assignment was to include lots of information and academic resources.   To ensure a clear structure and identify the key characteristics. This is because it is also important to show the theoretical side. The changes represent a broader theoretical perspective that hopefully others will find useful. Moreover, certain words have been linked to other Wikipedia pages, such as ‘network governance so I dont have to go into more depth on definitions of phrases, and readers can choose to further explore these terms. It was also interesting to write for an audience and exciting to know that if a Google search is done for the term, then something I have written will be one of the first articles. Tried to remember the audience is potentially global. What I have learnt about Wikipedia in general is that it can often be a very useful source of knowledge, especially for background information on a topic. Many of the pages are actually quite long and packed with sources and information, which means the reader can usually gain a good overview of the topic. Therefore, a number of entries are a lot more academic than some may suppose. This suggests that Wikipedia is more reliable than most realise as many of the pages are written by academics. Furthermore, something I did not realize was how well the site is analyzed and checked by many members, which ensure that false information cannot be put up. Made me realise how many more pages still need to be created. the ‘Value Action Gap. It basically describes those situations where a person holds values that are inconsistent with their behaviour. Its particularly evident in peoples attitudes towards the environment- we have the knowledge but when it comes to actually doing something about it, other factors take greater presidence e.g. economic. Smoking†¦ The value-action gap is a term used in environmental geography. It describes the gap between the high value of the environment and seriousness of the problem of damaging it, and the relatively low level of action taken by the population to counter the problem. It is often agreed that there are numerous barriers of motivation for individual and collective environmental action, and that the factors involved in making people willing to reduce environmental damage are fundamentally different from the factors involved in making people actually take active steps to reduce damage and to improve the environment[1]. It is therefore argued that a fundamental shift in the attitudes held by individual citizens towards the environment and their use of natural resources is needed to ensure sustainable development.

The patriot act Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Patriot Act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Patriot Act is a bill that was passed in the wake of 9/11/01. Not even two months after the horrific event which we all know as 911, the bill was passed with great haste and secrecy. The bill was passed on October 26, 2001. The bill was passed to raise the security of the country. Sadly many speculate that most of the members in congress did not even read the 342 page bill. Within a matter of days the executive branch with its new powers began to initiate many new executive orders, policies, regulations and practices that many feel threaten our rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bill has expanded terrorism laws to include domestic terrorism which subjects political organizations to be surveillance, wiretapping, harassment, and criminal charges for political advocacy. Many feel that this is an attack on the first amendment, which is freedom of religion, speech, assembly and freedom of the press. The bill has also expanded the powers of law enforcement agencies(police, FBI, CIA, NSA). Law enforcement agents now have the ability to conduct secret searches, place telephone and internet surveillance, and can access personal medical, financial, and student records with minimal judicial oversight. Many feel that this is an attack on the fourth am...

Food and Beverage Essay

What does the term ‘right of admission’ mean ? (6) It means that a Proprietor allows the customers of his hotel and he reserves the right admission with him . Entry of customers subject to rights of hotel owners. It also means that the store owner or management are allowed to deny entry to potential customers without giving just cause . The decision as to who is allowed in or out is usually up to the store owners discretion , which can be in good judgement or not . The right of admission notice also allows the shop security to search your bag or your person at their own discretion. For proper justifications , the owner may restrict the Right of Admission to certain categories of people or customers in the following events : (i) If the customer is a nuisance under the influence of alcohol , drug or lunatic . (ii) If the customer is naked (though simple dress code is allowed) (iii) If the customer is below 18 years of age , that too in a restaurant /hotel who has been given a permit for serving alcohol or drugs. (iv) If the customer is fighting or disturbing or causing annoyance to other customers. Etc -If the owner does not use his above ‘Right of Admission’, then another customer can sue the Hotel/Restaurant for deliberate negligence with criminal abetment and for ‘defiency in service’ besides for ‘damages’ to untold extents. QUESTION 2 Give five characteristics of a good beverage manager and explain in your own words why these characteristics are important. (15) (i) People-oriented A beverage manager must be comfortable leading their employees and working with public . In fast food restaurants , some managers also work as cashiers. In fine dining establishments the manager is expected to walk the floor and talk to the patrons . At the same time they have to ensure their employees are working efficiently . If a customer has a complaint , its usually up to the manager to smooth things over and make sure the customer wants to return in the future . (ii) Honesty In some cases beverage managers work for the owner of the establishment , who has entrusted his/her managers with the restaurants profits and supplies . Stealing from the establishment or other dishonesty is a fast way to lose the owners trust and make it difficult to find a similar position in the future . (iii) Organized Advance preparation is a key success factor in restaurant operations. Beverage managers must be strong administrators . Your employees will rely on you to decide what days and times they are working and what their responsibilities are so scheduling staff hours is a key task , as well as handling payroll. Your employees will expect to be paid regularly and at the same time each week or every two weeks , whatever the schedule is . (iv) Willing to learn and lead It will be the beverages managers responsibility to make sure the restaurant does not face liability issues, so he will need to stay up to date on safety certifications and management techniques. Employee retention can be a major success factor in the quality of services and reduce new employee expenses , such as training time , new uniforms and the time it takes to learn the job . (v) Flexiibility with hours His hours will depend on the venue for which he works. If he works in a restaurant or a bar , he might at times need to work late at night . He must be prepared for all situations if his goal is to work in management . QUESTION 3 What is the difference between on-consumption and off-consumption of liquor ? (6) (i) On – consumption On consumption liquor is liquor which can be sold and consumed on licensed premises. E. g hotels , clubs , and restaurants (ii) Off- consumption Off consumption liquor is liquor sold that is going to be consumed off the premises. Examples of these premises include shops , liquor producers and liquor stores. QUESTION 4 Why should the requirements of a bar control system be identified independently of the requirements of an accounting system ? (8) The requirements of a bar control system must be identified independently of the requirements of an accounting system because the bar control system is actually controlled by the accounting system . And the bar control system focuses on the stock available for the customers . A bar control system controls issues from the store or cellar . The accounting system ensures the compliance system with accounting policies and procedures . QUESTION 5 Explain the possible causes of discrepancies between sales at selling price on the bar liquor stock sheet and actual sales recorded. (10) Discrepancies in stock management refers to the difference between actual quantities of stock of material available in a bar and the available quantities as per stock records . Major causes of stock discrepancies are: Any discrepancies between sales at selling price on the bar liquor stock sheet may indicate theft by employees or customers . Not taking stock takes occasionally and spontaneously. Actual liquor stock issued from the store being different from the quantity recorded . Actual quantity of liquor received from the store being different from the quantity recorded. Liquor stored at the wrong place and therefore not considered during physical stock verification . Losses during storage for reasons such as evaporation and losses handling . Errors in ascertaining quantities physically available . Receipt or issues entries made in records under wrong item . There could be spillages . An employee could be over or under totting . QUESTION 6 If sales at cost price are R1650 and sales at selling price are R6600: (a) What is the percentage of cost of sales (show the formula you use ) ? (4) Cost/sales*100=cost of sales R1650/R6000*100 1 /4 25. = 25% cost of sales (b) What is the gross profit percentage ? (2) 100%-% of cost of sales 100%-25% = 75% QUESTION 7 What is the difference between a cocktail and a shooter ? (5) (i) Cocktail : An alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit or several spirits mixed with other ingredients , such as fruit juices , lemonade , or cream (ii) A shooter: a shooter is usually a mixed drink that amounts about 2 to 3 tots in a shot glass. They are generally drunk quickly , rather than being sipped . QUESTION 8 Why do cocktails have the potential to improve the gross profits of the bar ? (4) Cocktails have a potential to improve the gross profits in a bar because they are pricey than any other liquor . Its easy to generate sales from the customer that you already have . This is were a good cocktail list can be a greatest asset . If someone comes in and orders a Campari and soda , and you can up-sell them to an Americano , everybody wins . Its also easy to create new and unique cocktails with a little something extra to entice the customers, which can easily sell. With cocktails its easy to cut costs to increase profit without increasing sales volume. iQUESTION 9. Why would you want to garnish a cocktail ? (3) Garnishing a cocktail will add character or style to a cocktail as garnishes are decorative ournaments . You can garnish with eg carrot sticks , cherries , cinnamon , cocktail olives , pepper , salt etc QUESTION 10 Explain the difference between the shake method and the stir method of making cocktails . (8) (i) Shake method Is the method by which you use a cocktail shaker to mix ingredients together and chill them simultaneously. The object is to almost freeze the drink whilst breaking down and combining the ingredients. Normally this is done with ice cubes three quarters of the way full . When you have poured in the ingredients , hold the shaker in both hands with one hand on top and one supporting the base and give a short, sharp, snappy shake (ii) Stir method Is a more gentle technique for mixing cocktails and is used to delicately combine the drinks with a perfect amount of dilution . You stir cocktails that use only distilled spirits or very light mixers . Stirring takes longer than shaking to chill a drink. You can stir cocktails effectively with a metal or glass rod in a mixing glass. If ice is to be used , use ice cubes to prevent dilution , and strain the contents into a glass when the surface of the mixing glass begins to collect condensation . QUESTION 11 What does the term ‘bruising’ mean with regards to making cocktails ? (2) Its what happens when you shake a drink for too long. If you put your liquor in a shaker and then shake for a second the drink comes out cold . If you shake it for too long then the drink becomes bruised meaning there are pieces in the actual drink . QUESTION 12 Give the recipes for popular cocktails based on each of the following (nine recipes) . Rum , Brandy, Gin (15) (a) Rum (i) Daiquiri- 11/2 tots light rum (ii) Mojito-2tsp sugar 3/4ml lime juice 6-8mint leaves ? ml sugar syrup club soda 1 lime,halved 2 tots light rum Mint sprig for garnish (ii) Hurrcane-2 tots light rum 2tots dark rum 2oz passion fruit juice 1oz orange juice Juice of half a lime 1tbsp simple syrup 1tbsp grenadine Orange slice and cherry for garnish (b) Brandy (i) Apple Fizz-ice cubes (ii) sidecar – ice cubes 2parts apple brandy 3tots brandy 5parts carbonated apple juice 3parts triple sec 50ml lemon juice 1part lemon or lime juice Lemon slice to garnish. (ii) Metropolitan cocktail- ice cubes 3tots brandy 2parts sweet vermouth Sugar syrup to taste 2 dashes Angostura bitters (c) Gin (i) Bring it home – 2 tots Organic Nation Gin (iii) Delilah-11/2 tots Gin 11/2 tots Elder Flower Liquer ? tots Cointreau 11/2 measuresAlmond Syrup ? lemon juice 11/2 measures Lemon Juice Garnish: Cherry and lemon wedge (ii) Cherry bitch- 6 tots Bulldog Gin 1bag black currant tea 3-5 fresh cherries ? measures lime juice ? measures apple juice 1 measure syrup Garnish – orange peel twist QUESTION 13 As the bar man manager you are training a new bar man. Explain to him (or her ) in your own words how to serve a whiskey and soda . (5) Whisky should be served always with some ice tray and soda. These are the two perquisite of serving whisky. Being high in alcohol content , whisky blending requires spring water , and some tangy tinge. Different people like their whisky served in their own ways . So it would be a good idea if you place whisky with ice and soda in separate beakers . QUESTION 14 What glass would you use for serving Cognac or South African Liquer Brandy ? (1) Balloon Brandy Snifter Glass QUESTION 15 What is a Sambuco , why is it popular and how is it often served ? (3) Sambuco is an Italian liquor flavoured with maniseed that is often found in clear or white form . The most common way of serving sambuca is neat , on the rocks , with fresh water added or in coffee in place of sugar . Sambuca con mosca (neat with coffee beans floated atop) is a common Italian way . QUESTION 16 What is meant by the term ‘binder’ with reference to a cigar ? (3) The binder is what keeps (or binds) the filler leaves together . It is also a tobacco leaf , usually having little or no flavour , which is used to bind and contain the filler tobacco inside of a cigar.

political cartoons essays

political cartoons essays American political cartoons often follow the general displeasure of the government by the American people. They run the gamut from economics to foreign policy to the overwhelming popular topic of bureaucracy. As an avid reader of political cartoons on a daily basis I enjoy the humor and cynicism found within these forms of speech. Not only can they poke fun at politicians for their behavior, but, they often raise a strong sense of values and morals in the person that reads them. Whether a person agrees or disagrees with the way a certain topic is portrayed in the cartoon it accomplishes the artists goal of making their reader stop and ponder for a moment about the topic being covered and how it relates to them. From topics currently facing the United Nations, our federal government or current news events, the cartoonists use a medium that was once reserved for innocent humor and changes it so that it draws the readers attention (since it is a cartoon and people seem to enjoy reading the funnies), and makes a statement, whether direct or indirect, that often makes people speak about or try and change the topics outcome. Since the beginning of America political cartoons have often portrayed government officials as inept and sometimes just plain stupid. Politicians are very easy targets for the press and so become the subject of many daily papers editorial page cartoon. Although sometimes the cartoonist draws on current events and pay tribute to people who are often thought of with reverence. Take for example Charles Schultz, on the day following his death most cartoons as well as political cartoons payed homage to a person who is considered the greatest cartoonist of all time. Other cartoon strips showed their characters attending his funeral or missing him in some other way. While the most poignant political cartoon I remember about his death was by a cartoonist Mike Thompson of the Detroit free press. It showed Charlie Bro...

Utilization of Nanotechnology essays

Utilization of Nanotechnology essays Since the beginning of time, man has always been at work creating and developing new tools and objects to further aid our race, and make our life easier as the decades go on. From the cave man discovering fire, to the creation of atomic bomb, the human race has always developed new forms of technology, good or bad. At this current stage and age in our existence, we have stumbled upon probably the most useful technology ever devised by man, and that is Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is defined as the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers especially with the manipulation of individual molecules. Nanotechnology has allowed us to delve into things that were once thought impossible, and only lived in science-fiction products such as star trek. However, because of this engineering branch we might one day be able to say Beam me up Scotty as Nanotechnology deals with the manipulation of molecules, and arranging them as we see fit. Who knows, we may some day, though the use of this gifted breakthrough in science, may very well be able to replicate every cell of the human body, and transport it through some electrical means, which are managed by a computer devised of the same technology, and transfer it to another specified location. Thus we have a transporter such as the ones we loved to see function in Star Trek. Thus is the concept of Nanotechnology, and what it has to offer us. Seeing what it has done already, who knows what awaits for us in the near future. ...

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing - Essay Example remains a general consensus that the real credit for the evolution and practical implementation of APN History of Advanced Practice Nurse goes to the American Civil War 1861. That was when the APN implementation began processing and started developing (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). However, CRNA did not get introduced easily and the process did not go smooth because certain barriers regarding legislation cropped up during the early 1900’s. The nursing staff everywhere was not easily granted rights to administer anesthesia because such rights were questioned by the medical profession. People in the medical profession objected on grounds that the concept of nurses administering anesthesia would imply that they are practicing out of their scope which would not present a very nice image (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). Therefore, legislation in Kentucky (Frank VS South) nurses needed to be licensed to administer anesthesia. With time, things started developing and in 1931 foundation for the A merican Association of Nurse Anesthetist (AANA) was laid and 1945 the mandatory certification for CNRA’s got established which changed circumstances phenomenally (Ray, 2005). Other factors also assisted in the development like there were no professional nurses at that time and catholic sisters served as nurses. Also during the 20th century, the increase in immigration and trends toward industrialization and urbanization contributed significantly in refining the image of APN role in the healthcare system with the result that other nursing specialties emerged. The approach of the Nurse Practitioner was such that primary care was provided to the poverty stricken immigrants during World War II so that more worthwhile opportunities got revealed to benefit NP (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). This approach proved to be effective as when physicians had too much on their plates and were too busy to care for all the wounded, the NPs were granted the right to go beyond the realm of caring and handle other

Animal diseases and how effect in human Thesis Proposal

Animal diseases and how effect in human - Thesis Proposal Example Basically, the growth of livestock production has resulted in the expansion of possibilities for the spread of disease. The methods of animal domestication, particularly the living and housing conditions of highly domesticated animals considerably create risks of exposure to disease-carrying organisms (Wyld 110). This thesis analyzes the current human health risks posed by the growing livestock industry, and the legal aspect of and solution to this problem. The risks of disease can be prevented or lessened with proper techniques of animal domestication. Unfortunately, management of animal resources is largely tied to sustaining or boosting efficiency or output. Before, cattleman could care for animals more thoroughly. Nowadays, the number of cattlemen is not just fewer, but they are also obliged to attend to massive numbers of domesticated animals as cost efficiently and productively as possible (Sapkota et al. 663). The decrease in the number of workforce in livestock farming alongside the escalating production of domesticated animals can result in poor hygiene and disease management which, consequently, may lead to the spread of communicable disease among the domesticated animals and perhaps even transmission to human beings in the immediate vicinity. There is also the possibility of diseased animal protein contaminating the food chain and threatening the health of human beings (Sapkota et al. 663-664). A particular disease control practice used in rigorous animal domestication is to recognize the commonness of disease or the chronic presence of viruses. Vaccinations and antibiotic medicines are hence regularly given in order to maintain the health and productivity of domesticated animals (Smith & Kelly 29). When disease epidemics take place, it may not be feasible to harvest stock because of the sheer size of the population of domesticated animals. Likewise, cattle houses may have been inadequately built and cannot be correctly or thoroughly sanitized, and