Drug Abuse and Addiction Essay - 1324 Words

Drugs affect people in many different ways. One person can take abuse drugs, yet never become addicted, while another person has one experience and is immediately hooked to that drug. Drug addiction is defined as a dependence on an illegal drug, or medication. When you are addicted, you cannot control your drug use despite the fact that you know the consequences. The scary thing is that drug addiction can cause a major intense craving of drugs. Even though you want to stop, most people can’t do it on their own it is very difficult, and most need therapeutic help. For many people this is what is going to lead them to their death, or a long term mental/physical disability. Being addicted will also affect your relationships with friends and†¦show more content†¦For example, some people will get addicted and need to keep relying on the drug. When they are hooked onto that drug, becoming a drug abuser, that person will start neglecting his or her own responsibilities and s tart delving into illegal activities. Not only are they affecting themselves, but they begin to hurt family members, friends, and the greater society. Because you have lost yourself too deeply into the drugs, you cannot control yourself; your life basically revolves around the drug. When experimenting with drugs, you are running a risk factor for developing more serious drug abuse habits which lead to health and behavioral consequences. It all depends on what drug one is addicted to, but there is no illegal drug that does not have serious consequences. Taking a recreational drug causes a surge in levels of dopamine in the brain, which trigger feelings of pleasure, which is considered getting â€Å"stoned.† The brain remembers those feelings and wants them repeated all over again. If you become addicted, the substance takes on the same significance as other survival behaviors, such as eating and drinking. It also changes one’s brain, interfering with one’s ability to thinkShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction1257 Words   |  6 Pages Drugs had been existing since the early 15th century and society has confronted drug abuse and addiction ever since. In the modern world, drug abuse has become a problem for many individuals do to traumatic experiences, mental disorders, peer pressure and personal problems. For every addiction there is always a solution, professional assistance can help a drug addict get control of his/her life once again. Drug rehabilitation programs can be essential for drug addicts only if the victims are committedRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction : Drugs977 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse/addiction Jeremy Graham May 11, 2015 Period, 5 Drug abuse and addiction Drug abuse/addiction is a major problem in Indiana that affects many individual. Several solutions such as rehab and drug classes have been tried. Yet, the best solution is taking drug classes. Many people do not understand why people become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a socialRead MoreDrug Addiction And Drug Abuse1401 Words   |  6 PagesAn Essay on Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse Introduction: The terms drug addiction and drug abuse are often used interchangeably. However, they are in fact two separate situations. Drug abuse generally leads a person down the path toward drug addiction, but not every individual who abuses drugs becomes an addict. The definition of drug abuse continues to change because the term is subjective and infused with the political and moral values of the society or culture one lives in. An exampleRead MoreDrug Abuse and Addiction851 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction, Problems amp; Solutions in Turkey Drug Abuse and Addiction, Problems amp; Solutions in Turkey Abdullah Furkan Kaya Ä °stanbul Åžehir University 30.4.2012 Drug abuse is an addiction, which has different substance types and can ruin people’s life or even cause death. People use it for variety of reasons such as getting away from their bothers or getting high. Approximately 200 million people abusing drugs, most of them are addicted in the world. This number isRead MoreDrug Abuse And Drug Addiction775 Words   |  4 Pages Drug Abuse Treatment 6.15 6.23 6.49 6.73 7.21 7.55 7.66 7.85 7.89 8.83 Percentage of Total Funding 30.9% 30.2% 29.9% 30.8% 29.0% 30.7% 31.4% 32.0% 31.3% 35.0% Drug Abuse Prevention 2.04 1.96 1.93 1.84 1.95 1.56 1.48 1.34 1.28 1.28 Percentage of Total Funding 10.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 7.8% 6.3% 6.1% 5.5% 5.1% 5.1% Total Demand Reduction 8.19 8.19 8.43 8.57 9.16 9.11 9.14 9.19 9.16 10.10 Percentage of Total Funding 41.2% 39.7% 38Read MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction1261 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction Individuals are well on the way to begin drug abuse including alcohol, tobacco, marijuana and many more drugs which are illegal. It has been seen that most affected category falls under the effect of drug abuse is adolescence and young adulthood. The percentage of senior students during their high school, who will have tried alcohol is 70 percent in the ratio and 40 percent of them start smoking and nearly 20 percent of them start taking prescription drugs. (National InstituteRead MoreDrug Addiction : Drugs And Drug Abuse Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pages this drug is extremely addictive and has been illegal in the United States for many years. Although many individuals seem to discover a way to obtain this very lethal drug. Even though, heroin is highly addictive and used by choice by an individual with a drug addiction; the number of deaths from Heroin is escalating daily, to the point where more than 26 overdoses in one day maybe even more. This epidemic needs to be put to a halt. Despite the fact the focus was on prescription addiction increaseRead MorePaper Drug Abuse Drug Addiction1403 Words   |  6 PagesKeisha Ellis Drug Abuse Drug Addiction SOC 203 Social Problems Instructor Ely May 11, 2015 Numerous individuals do not comprehend why individuals get to be dependent on drugs or how drugs can change the mind to cultivate enthusiastic drug abuse. They erroneously view drug misuse and dependence as entirely a social issue and may describe the individuals who take drugs as ethically powerless (Alving, Matyas, Torres, Jalah, Beck, 2014). One extremely regular belief is that drugs abusersRead MoreAddiction : Drug Abuse, Tolerance, And Addiction2246 Words   |  9 PagesAddiction is a worldwide disease that is not discriminatory against whom it affects. People take drugs because they want to change something in their lives; â€Å"They thinks drugs are a solution. But eventually, drugs become the problem† (â€Å"Truth About Drug Addiction†). This leads people to wonder, What is addiction? Are there treatments for addiction? There are four common steps on the pathway to addiction: drug abuse, tolerance, dependence, and last but not least addiction. (Advert: Substa nce AbuseRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Consequences Of Drug Addiction1593 Words   |  7 PagesDrug addiction has become prevalent in our societies today such as the use of heroin. Using Marc, Lewis (2011) text â€Å"Memoirs of an Addicted Brain: A Neuroscientist Examines his Former Life on Drugs† this paper focuses on drug abuse, heroin, and the consequences that the users face as they battle their addiction and related problems. In the text, chapter 8 provides a significant background and overview of Heroin as a drug, hence major section of this paper will rely on facts provided within this chapter

Compare And Contrast Types Of Managed Healthcare...

Compare and Contrast Types of Managed Healthcare Organizations MacLeod Ighodalo Norfolk State University Compare and Contrast Types of Managed Healthcare Organizations This paper provides an overview of the healthcare environment and its financing in the U.S. and define acute care and long term care. It addresses three important issues. First, it provides a snapshot of how health care is currently financed in the United States, including the differences and/or similarities between Managed Care Organizations. The second part of the paper examines the current federal government programs and various types of access to health care available to every citizen. The third part of paper examines the implications nurses have in†¦show more content†¦Long term or chronic care includes a much broader range of services than acute care, emphasizing social as care well as medical services. While acute care is usually confined to specialty providers, the providers of long term care are more wide ranging. They include traditional medical providers such as physicians and hospitals, formal community caregivers such as home care agencies, facility providers such as nursing homes and assisted living facilities, and informal caregivers such as friends or family members. Understanding the classification of healthcare services in terms of acute and long term care enable us to plan for services, to describe institutions, and to allocate funding and reimbursement. In the United States, healthcare services provided by health care providers (such as doctors and hospitals) are paid for by the following including, private insurance, Government insurance programs, people themselves (personal, out-of-pocket funds). Additionally, the government directly provides some health care in government hospitals and clinics staffed by government employees. Examples are the Veteran’s Health Administration and the Indian Health Service. In other to manage or curtail the ever rising healthcare cost in America, Managed Care was formed. The National Library of Medicine, defines managed care as programs or organizations â€Å"intended to reduce unnecessary health care costsShow MoreRelatedThe United States Health Care System817 Words   |  4 PagesStates Health Care System has undergone some drastic changes over the past few years. It is almost unrecognizable when we try to compare and contrast the growth and evolution; with physicians with no formal standard requirements such as licensing or even training to now being one of the hardest programs to enter. From private house being used as hospital settings with no type of formal reimbursement or insurance; to having hospitals now so luxurious, that they can be mistaking as five star hotels. Read MoreHealth Care Vs. United States1361 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Comparison Throughout the world, many different healthcare systems exist. The number one system in the world is France. Unfortunately, the United States does not rank very high on the list at number thirty-seven out of fifty different nations. Many larger and smaller countries are ranked higher than the United States. However, it is important to compare these different systems in order to find an ideal system that can improve population health, improve individual care, and reduce theRead MoreHealth Care Policies Across Different Countries1669 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare can be defined as the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease, injury, illness, and other physical and mental impairments that human beings may have. The healthcare system is made up of an organization of trained people that have resources to deliver health care services to meet the needs of the target population. Health care is practiced by licensed individuals in medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, and other health professions. Access to healthcare is different dependingRead MoreHealthcare Systems And The United Kingdom1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthe differences between the healthcare systems of the United States and the United Kingdom and expands on what that means for the health and wealth of the citizens of these countries. The U.S. and the U.K. are two different countries with two very different healthcare systems. The U.S. healthcare system is the Affordable Care Act, (ACA) and is the attempt by the U.S. to provide affordable healthcare coverage. he U.K. healthcare system is publicly financed and managed by the National Health ServiceRead MoreHealth Care Market Essay2404 Words   |  10 PagesThe Healthcare Market Analyze the current health care delivery structure in your state. Compare and contrast the major determinants of healthcare market power. There are many issues that are causing changings in the healthcare system. Population aging, rapidly increasing costs of healthcare and the growing burden of chronic disease are challenges to health systems worldwide. To meet these challenges will require new approaches to healthcareRead MoreSimilarities Between Traditional And Traditional Organizations1263 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing number of organizations are switching from traditional office environments to virtual ones. This shift has led to numerous changes in the way organizations are structured as well as varied other aspects of organizational life. Although there are similarities between them and traditional organizations, virtual organizations face many unique challenges and take advantage of opportunities unavailable to traditional organizations. The contents of this paper will compare and contrast traditional andRead MoreTraditional Vs. Virtual Organizations1266 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing number of organizatio ns are switching from traditional office environments to virtual ones. This shift has led to numerous changes in the way organizations are structured as well as varied other aspects of organizational life. Although there are similarities between them and traditional organizations, virtual organizations face many unique challenges and take advantage of opportunities unavailable to traditional organizations. The contents of this paper will compare and contrast traditional andRead MoreHsm 310 Midterm1841 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Great Society agenda and its impact on health care in the United States. Do you feel that the Great Society initiatives were a positive step for American healthcare? TCO1 Student Answer: The healthcare system has progressed through numerous phases, change and challenges over the past century. Before the twentieth century the healthcare system faced the challenge of a predominance of acute infectious diseases, epidemics and unhealthy work and living environment. The federal government has providedRead MoreEssay about Health Care3077 Words   |  13 PagesHealthcare Law, Policy, and Advocacy, 5390 LaToya C. Hicks 01/26/2010 Module 1 Health Policymaking in the U.S. by Longest Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 1. Define health. What are the determinants of health in humans? Health is defined as the â€Å"state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being that is necessary to live a meaniful and productive life. Health determinants are the physical, behavior along with biological, social factors that affects a person’s health. 2. DefineRead MoreInfluencing Factors of Healthcare Expenditure2721 Words   |  11 Pages[Institutional Affiliation(s)] Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Comparing Health System Performance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Sweden’s Healthcare Policy Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...8 Canada’s Opportunities for Improvement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.13 Influencing Factors of Health Care Expenditure: Opportunities

Irobot †Technology Taking over Humanity Free Essays

Robot – Technology Taking over Humanity â€Å"Technology Is taking over humanity. This phrase Is being proven more and more as technology develops and the years go by. It is more deeply shown through the movie, Robot. We will write a custom essay sample on Irobot – Technology Taking over Humanity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main message of this movie is to show how our society can change to be completely dependent on technology if we keep on improving it in many different ways such as robotic body parts, robotic systems and robots to do everyday work for humans. The advances In technology are amazing to some extent and are completely changing owe we humans live and really, are saving lives. Many years ago, you didn’t hear many people getting metal hip replacements, or any other body part replaced by some man made machine or object. It’s becoming a common thing to have to give up on the body and rely on machine. As this progresses, eventually humans will continue to be able to replace body parts and essentially, extend the lifetime of a human being and could be considered robots. Humans currently rely on deferent robotic parts to fix up parts of their bodies which are not working to the right potential. To fix the different senses such as hearing, doctors surgically implant an electric device that provides a sense of sound to a person which is profoundly deaf. A visual prosthesis is a visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness. Robotics are used to transplant living cells, tissues or organs from human to human or human to animal or vice versa. Many concerns may come with this such as the transferring different diseases or possibly the failure of transplanting. Diseases are ore common In semitransparent. Semitransparent Is the transplanting of body parts from animal to human or vice verses. Alternations is less risky as it is the transplanting of body parts to and from the same species. Organ farming or harvesting refers to the removal, preservation and use of human organs or tissues from the recently deceased to the living. This way of saving people’s lives has become very common especially in the past few years. Even though all these replacements of body parts and systems are available to all people, the prices are ere costly therefore it is out of reach for many people who do not have the money for It. It may be saving people’s lives but not for all. If we think about it, the only part of our bodies that would be very hard to imitate and create as a machine would be the brain. It is also the last piece of our bodies separating humans from being completely a robot. As technology progresses, it will be possible to create something that Is close to the way a brain operates. All this Is present In the movie of Robot. We can clearly see that robots have taken 1 OFF ever the humans lives in the movie and that we soon eventually will become like that without help. The relationship between our life and the Robot life is shown through the way robots have been made adapted to our every need. With the robots existing we are able to take their functions and make them our own, to help us when we are in need. Piece by piece, soon the human body completely will become machine functioned. The advantages to having these robotic replacements are that humans will have a longer life expectancy. This is also a downside as it is playing with the way life is opposed to be. Another advantage is that it would save lives. There are so many people out there waiting for transplants but if technology eventually got to a point where body parts and vital organs were being made we would be blessed with a longer life. The downsides of robotic replacements are that computers are easily hacked. If humans become partially robotic or even fully robotic we may be hacked, taking over our bodies and mind, controlling every move. Also, humans weren’t made to improve upon the bodies that we were given. Overall technology has helped humans so far by saving lives with robotic replacement or transplanting of cells, tissues or organs. Where it goes from here may change the world drastically. This is why the phrase â€Å"Technology is taking over humanity’ is becoming real. Soon we will become a robotic world where all we do is through robotics whether it is to help us repair or improve our bodies or help us in day to day activities, where we all are partially if not fully robotic and where we have completely lost our humanity through machine and technology development. How to cite Irobot – Technology Taking over Humanity, Essays

Management Toolbox Tools and Techniques †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Management Toolbox for Tools and Techniques. Answer: Introduction: The role of scrum master and project manager is similar in managing the teams. Scrum master is responsible for managing and coaching the scrum team members, while the project manager is responsible for managing the project and his team members. The difference lies in the fact that a scrum master is a coach and a facilitator who coaches the scrum team members, while the project manager is responsible for managing the timeline of the project, the resources of the project and the project scope in order to meet the business requirements (Martinelli and Milosevic 2016). I would rather be a better scrum master as every product owner needs a scrum master in order to do a job perfectly. Product owner generally has a responsibility and vision of what he wishes to build or achieve, while scrum master is responsible for shaping the vision and giving it a structure, so that it can take a form of a project where the scrum master acts as a coach or a facilitator of the development team of that project (Bass 2014). References Bass, J.M., 2014, August. Scrum master activities: process tailoring in large enterprise projects. InGlobal Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2014 IEEE 9th International Conference on(pp. 6-15). IEEE. Martinelli, R.J. and Milosevic, D.Z., 2016.Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons.

The Greek Financial Crisis free essay sample

Ever since the end of 2009, Greece has been involved in a financial and economic crisis that has been record breaking and shattered world records in terms of its severity and worldwide effects. The Greek government, since the beginning of the crisis, has attempted to take several governmental measures to try and â€Å"stop the bleeding,† including economy policy changes, dramatic government spending and budget cuts and the implementation of new taxes for citizens. In addition to this, the government has tried to alter the perceptions of Greek government and economy by the rest of the world in an effort to appear both more liberal and more democratic. Greece has also been working to privatize many previous state-owned corporations in a desperate effort to stabilize the currency and the economy. This paper will address the various actions taken to date by the Greek government to pull the country out of this terrible crisis, and will explore the specific factors that were causation for this horrible financial crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greek Financial Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important to note that certain policies and government actions and their success is merely subject to personal opinion, but financial data and statistics is absolute and cannot be disputed regardless of personal or political beliefs. In May of 2010, Greece was awarded a 110 billion euro bailout from both the European Union and the International Monetary Fund. This bailout was effective only in the sense that it prevented Greece from defaulting on country debts and loans, which would have had catastrophic ripple effects on not only the Greek and European markets, but on the global markets including the United States and Asian economies. Soon after this bailout was executed, it became evidently clear to both the EU and the IMF that more money would be needed in order for Greece’s survival and for their long road to economic recovery. With that being said, a second bailout worth 109 billion Euro was given to Greece again by the EU and the IMF in late July of 2011. Of course, these bailouts have been the subject of a tremendous volume of worldwide media attention. These bailouts, along with the privatization of corporations, policy changes, capital injections and governmental changes have been implemented in hope that positive progress will be achieved. The media has successfully painted these reforms as containment methods for this huge mess, and as means of ensuring that this infected economy does as little damage as possible to other economies in the world. Some country-specific economies that are particularly unstable and thus at risk of damage from the Greek crisis are Italy, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Although the Greek economy has received, by far, the most media attention for economic difficulties, these other four nations are experiencing serious economic problems of their own. It appears that this was a major motivating factor behind the two bailouts, that it is vitally important to contain the damage before it spreads to these other vulnerable nations, something that the European Union simply cannot afford to have happen. In the words of economic experts, â€Å"Greece is just the tip of the iceberg,† and that the economies of EU nations are more intertwined and interdependent than we would have hoped. Given that EU countries share the same currency, the Euro, continuously trade with one another, and hold massive debts for one another, this opens the EU as a whole up to tremendous vulnerability. Essentially, if Greece or any other EU nation defaults on debts, this could send the entire EU into a recession and put the banking system as a whole at risk, much like what happened in the United States in 2008. The goal of these capital injections and bailouts is for Greece to remain financially liquid for enough time to pay their outstanding debts as much has possible to neighbor countries, thus reducing the amount of government debts owed and the interconnected pressure on the entire EU to continue to bail out Greece. If Greece is able to pay back a significant enough portion of their debts, in the event that they do default on some of them, it may still be able to be contained and not infect the rest of Europe with a recession. As far as Greece’s role in creating this crisis in the first place, it can be said that Greece is at fault for a variety of reasons. The media has been focusing on the corrupt political system and infrastructure, the lack of competition in the private sector, the wastefulness and inefficiency of the public sector and a flawed tax system as causation for this mess. When the public sector was expanded in the 1980’s, Andreas Papandreou was given various agricultural subsidies and grants to do with what he pleased. This enabled the funding of certain post-World War II groups to heal political wounds and fund unions and other special interest groups to aid his political capital and strength. The policies enacted in this decade allowed for the increase in power and funding of the middle class by creating a vast amount of inefficient public sector government jobs for citizens. This resulted in an increase in the levels of inefficiency, bureaucracy, corruption and wasteful spending coupled with the increase in wages, pensions and benefits. This proceeded to drain through government money and resources, and did not breed a culture of highly motivated, efficient and effective government employees. A high amount of debts accumulated as the nation continued to proceed in this way, using state money to subsidize failing businesses and to finance the continued expansion of the public sector. Papandreou is continuously criticized for the creation of such a wasteful and inefficient public sector, and this is a primary reason for the economic struggles that Greece is facing today. Debt continued to build, and inefficiency continued to increase rapidly. Another important factor to discuss is the massive amounts of de-industrialization that occurred in Greece during the 1980s. This means that labor was outsourced to different countries outside of the European Union where labor costs were significant cheaper, in an attempt to reduce expense margins. Instead of investing in a strong public sector, Papandreou poured money into the private sector that was clearly diminishing in relation to other countries. As a result of this, the public sector continued to expand as a compensation method for the failing private sector. This resulted in the creation of a socialist culture in Greece, causing more and more debt to buildup to an alarming level. This wastefulness and inefficiency in the extremely large public was simply adding fuel to the fire that would come back to hurt the nation several years later, as we can see. As the level of national debt and borrowing was increasing, it can be said that the bubble began to burst in the early 2000s when the Euro was adopted in Greece. This provided Greece with an opportunity to capitalize on very low interest rates, declining from roughly 20% in the early 1990s to roughly 3. 2% in 2005. This fueled the fire in the sense of the borrowing culture that had already been in place in the Greek government for decades, as they continued to accrue an alarming amount of national debt, a terrible liability for any nation to carry. These billions of euros of debt continued to rise, and can be considered a very important factor in the current economic crisis that is occurring as a result of decades of wasteful spending and ineffective currency control by the government. Another important factor to consider when analyzing the specific reasons for Greek’s current financial crisis is the highly corrupt political system that exists in the country. Corruption and bribery play a role in Greece’s outstanding level of national debt. According to statistics, the Greek government has lost roughly 8% of GDP each year as a direct result to these unethical practices. According to the Brookings Institute, â€Å"if Greece had better control of their government corruption, it would have had a smaller budget deficit by 4% of GDP. † This fascinating data shows that the practices of this corrupt government actually contributed to Greek’s staggering amount of debt coupled with their incremental declines in GDP levels. On the topic of governmental corruption, there are two key scandals worthy of mention that clearly have contributed to the current economic turmoil Greece is currently facing. The first scandal is the Koskotas Affair, and occurred during the Papandreou administration. Mr. Koskotas was the owner of the Bank of Crete. In this scandal, he was convicted and charged with the embezzlement of $200 million dollars. In the following coverage of the scandal, it was revealed that Papandreou’s’ administration had asked for large deposits to be transferred from other banks into the Bank of Crete at a lower-than-legal interest rate. The profits from these transfers were given to the government and political parties. Although Papandreou was indicted for involvement, he was acquitted and justice was never served. This hurt both the economy and the morale of Greek citizens. The second scandal worthy of mention is the Siemens case. The executive team of Siemens paid out several million Euros in the form of bribes to several Greek politicians from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. These bribes were paid in return for the securing of government contracts in wide variety industries. The politicians involved into offshore accounts laundered the money. The two major political parties in Greece were both involved, and Siemens was fined over $1 billion dollars by the US government for its involvement in these crimes. These two massive scandals successfully illustrate the level of corruption in the Greek government, and the unethical practices that were adopted by both parties in order to remain in power. Unfortunately, in Greece it is very difficult to prosecute and charge corrupt political figures. Many politicians simply get away with the crimes they commit because their peers are not interested in prosecuting them given the immunity they are given as per the Greek Constitution. According to statistical data, no Greek minister has gone to jail since the 1970s showing Greece’s unwillingness to sentence and prosecute corrupt politicians. Obviously, this poses problems related to national accountability and furthers the distrust of the Greek government by both the citizens of Greece and by other nations in the EU and worldwide. The culture and nature of the Greek government seems to be very conducive to the acceptance of bribes, and the funding of certain special interest groups that are likely to benefit the government in some questionable way. It has been said that Andreas Papandreou created certain government jobs for the sole purpose of his own personal gains. Politicians who are running for office make all sorts of outlandish promises to different groups in order to receive support, with no intentions of actually carrying out the promises. Also, the immunity from prosecution clauses in Greek law has increased politician’s levels of recklessness. This immunity prevents politicians and executive-level government officials from prosecution for any crimes committed. This is an extremely dangerous provision in the law, because there are virtually no accountability standards and has shown to lead to aggressive and self-serving policy decisions that have had drastically negative impacts on the country and the economy. To reflect on the government style and roots of Greece, the country has been described as having â€Å"one foot in the West, and another in the East. † The country has been a synthesizing point for democracy, but ironically does not seem to display the necessary integrity and self-correction methods that are essential for the functionality of a democracy. In the words of Manolopoulous, the country â€Å"has never had a Western-style reformation, nor the development of a large middle class, nor the emergence of conservative and liberal philanthropy that developed in Western and Northern Europe and also North America. † This goes to show that while Greece has been perceived and thought of by others as a Westernized nation, it is not that simple. The inefficiency of the public sector is a recurring problem in this discussion because of its severity and enormous impact on the financial crisis that Greece is currently facing. The public sector has been characterized and defined as being â€Å"statist. † This essentially describes an environment in the country where public sector jobs are preferred as opposed to private or other types of jobs. This belief that is held by a majority of Greek citizens has been a key contributor to the inefficient and unproductive bureaucracy of government jobs and positions. This mindset also prevents Greece’s private sector from reaching its potential, and does nothing to reduce unemployment. This mindset is held partly because public sector jobs offer the things that private sector jobs cannot, including a generous pension, a pre-determined retirement age and incremental pay increases as time goes by. This creates a sense of job security, which is desired by all as part of human nature. Job security is not a bad thing, but problems clearly arise when an entire country has become dependent on the continued influx of meaningless government jobs. Individuals who work in the public sector statistically make more, on average, than those who work in the private sector. There is currently no statistical data that supports a link between worker productivity, job satisfaction and overall motivation to pay grade. This lack of an incentivized program that encourages employees to work hard is perhaps one of the biggest roots of the problem. The increases in public sector wages and pensions reached almost 9% in 2008. Even as the country’s economy continues to sink farther and farther into historic territory, jobs are not being cut and employees are continuing to receive excellent pay and benefits for their relatively meaningless low-end government positions. Another problem with Greek’s public sector is the early retirement age of 58. When an employee retires at this age, they are given a full pension and in most cases, continuing benefits for a generous period of time. To put this in perspective, the average retirement rate in the rest of the European Union is 63. This over-generous system is a major drainer of government funds. According to statistics, the pensions given to an average public-sector employee can reach up to 98% of their original salary right before retirement. The final point presented is the nearly complete level of job security within the public sector. Due to a high amount of policies and regulations about termination, it is extremely difficult for one to lose their job unless a major mistake has been made. That being said, it seems as if an overly comfortable work force has been created. There must be some degree of threat of job loss in order to motivate employees to put forth their best effort each and every day. According to Manolopoulos, there are numerous sources that display the extremely low competitiveness of the Greek economy. This is the next factor that can be discussed to illustrate the problems responsible for the current economic meltdown. According to this data, â€Å"the burden of administration in Greece is abnormally high, the degree of regulation is excessive, and the amount of competition is severely limited due to tremendous government intervention. † Also, it is shown that Greece rarely is a center of foreign investment, in relation to other nations in the European Union. It does not take an expert to determine that the Greek government and economic environment is not desirable enough for foreign nations to engage with. Since 2009, there have been more than 1,400 companies formerly with headquarters in Greece who have relocated to other nations. Currently, 20% of Greece businesses are failing or will fail at some point in the coming months. These staggering statistics go to show that these philosophies are more than conceptual, and there are actual statistics to illustrate the severity of the problems. With regard to taxation, the Greek tax system is highly progressive. A progressive tax system is a system where the smallest proportion of the population, the wealthiest individuals, pays the highest taxes. In Greece, this is the case, and in fact the average and below-average households pay virtually no taxes at all. Although this progressive system can be effective, as seen in other countries, the problem is that there are so few high earners that very little tax revenue is actually being raised. The line for which a household can declare themselves exempt is higher than most families earn, leaving very few candidates who are qualified to pay these high amounts of taxes. This threshold is 12,000 Euro per year, and has created a culture where many Greeks are understating their income in order to remain under this threshold and avoid paying taxes. The disinterest in paying taxes is inevitable in all countries, but in this situation, citizens are actually able to get away with tax evasion, adding to the problem. This goes back to the corruption of Greek politicians, and the culture deeply rooted in cheating and dishonest practices. Politicians are wise enough to know that if they crack down on tax evasions among Greek citizens, they will not be re-elected and will lose their political power, influence and immunity. For this reason, most politicians look the other way on massive amounts of tax evasions, and citizens are not forced to pay their taxes, adding to the already discussed lack of accountability. This is why the threshold for tax-exempt families is currently at such an alarming level. In the words of Manolopoulos, â€Å"the authorities proceed to hound the honest few, and let the thousands of dishonest high income individuals escape with impunity. Tax avoidance is a national pastime in Greece. It has become a cultural trait. The Greek people never learned to pay their taxes, because no one is punished. † This mindset described by Manolopoulos is at the heart of the problem, and clearly shows the unwillingness of typical Greek citizens to do their part and contribute to the overall welfare of the country. As far as reforms to try and aid the recovery of this failing economy, little has been done. The Economic Adjustment Program is essentially a program that has planned out 5-year economy strategy for the country, called the Medium-Term Fiscal Strategy. This was created in 2011 and sought to increase the efficiency of public spending, eliminate wasteful spending that drains government resources, reduce the size of the public sector, broaden the base of tax payers, and eliminate the amount of individuals who are evading taxes by imposing meaningful penalties and consequences. The plan for this strategy is to increase efficiency, and further incentivize the labor force to increase how hard people work and their inclinations to give back for the greater good. This seeks to decrease the tax-free threshold from 12,000 to 8,000 euro per year. A luxury tax will be imposed on very wealthy individuals to bring in further revenue. 200 new companies have been created to bring business back to Greece. There will be an increase in the amount of audits and increased sentences for tax evaders. Although this does not fully address the power imbalance issues that are a central issue in the crisis, many are hopeful that this plan, over time will increase the output of the economy and reduce the massive deficit the country currently faces. In conclusion, these structural measures being taken have not been overly successful, but the country will benefit in the long run from them. The only reason this failing countries economy is still relatively in tact is because of the continuous capital injections from the EU and the IMF. In an effort to keep the economy relatively liquid, Greece has remained above water. It seems that the true problem at the root of this crisis is the imbalance of power, which must be addressed if full recovery is ever to be achieved. In other words, there is a long way to go for this former superpower.

A Separate Peace (Gene) essays

A Separate Peace (Gene) essays In the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles, Gene Forrester is a character wrought with inner-conflict. The first trait that contributes to Genes inner-turmoil is that he is dreadfully lacking in self-confidence and he is uncomfortable with the person he has been all his life, especially during his years at Devon. As an adult returning there, he fears that nothing will have changed since his time there; and, perhaps most importantly, he fears that he hasnt changed either. He finds that the varnished new surface of Devon seems to make it look like a museum...and thats exactly...what I did not want it to be. Devon reminds Gene of the person he was while he was there, and his displeasure with the preservation of the buildings reveals how much he wants to forget that person. Gene would rather have these buildings decay and fall to the ground than stand as a monument to the old Gene who he now hates and dreads so much. In addition to his insecurity, Gene is very distrustful of th e motives of others. The most profound example of this is that he comes to suspect the true motives of even his very best friend. Gene convinces himself that Finny is trying to sabotage his grades. Gene begins to believe that inventing games like Blitzball and insisting on their nightly jumps from the tree were actions on Finnys part to attempt to destroy Genes grades because Finny resented the fact that Gene had earned an A in nearly every course while Finny could never muster better than a C. Finally, Gene is resentful towards Finny throughout the book for all the ways that Finny is superior to him. He is at first able to find a single sustaining thought in the fact that he and Finny are even in enmity. The idea that they are both coldly driving ahead for [themselves] alone allows Gene to feel less guilty about his actions like trying to raise his grades to spite Finny. ...

I Hate Homework. I Assign It Anyway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

I Hate Homework. I Assign It Anyway - Essay Example She says that despite hating homework, she still assigns it to her students just to conform to the formality of teachers assigning homework. She is not afraid to say that she does not give homework’s willingly. The only reason as to why she gives homework is because if she didn’t, she would be considered as an underperformer and a teacher who doesn’t care about improving students. At the beginning of her career, she gave lots of homework and did not care if the students complained about workload or not. She expected them to do the homework and follow the rules of the teacher without any complaints (Lahey retrieved from ). The writer seeks to justify her position by explaining that at one point she also gave homework just like any other teacher. By doing this, she tries to say that she has tried both sides of the issue before coming up with her stand. She manages her risk by providing a detailed explanation of why she considers her argument right. After being into the teaching career for thirteen years, she has raised a son, and she now experiences homework as a teacher and as a parent. She feels bad seeing her little, so Ben stressed up with homework (Lahey retrieved from ). She now considers the impact homework has to the students before assigning is to them. She says that the homework takes the place of her son’s childhood. When assigning homework, she never forgets the sacrifice that the child is going to give in order to order to complete the homework. She strongly defends her position in the issue and hopes to convince other teachers on the issue. However, her topic comes in a period when academic excellence has high value and parents are more interested in seeing their children

The promotional strategy of British Airways Coursework

The promotional strategy of British Airways - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that the airline sector is a large form of mass travel in the global transportation network. The sector in general involves the organisation of people, airlines, equipment and buildings for transporting mail, freight and passengers to various parts of the world. International air travel is so extensive that it is possible to reach almost any major city in less than a day. Different airline companies deal with different types of cargo, for example companies like British Airways specialise in the transportation of people. This has been by far the largest source of revenue for airlines since the second half of the twentieth century. The different airline companies battle against each other by offering attractive fares and specialised discounts. The passenger services usually offer two areas of travel, first class or coach, first class being more favourable due to comfortable seating arrangements, more elaborate meals and usually more flight pe rsonnel on hand. The coach service is cheaper with a slightly more crowded atmosphere. Other services include the transportation of mail, and freight services. This method of transporting goods is quicker than the old methods of using trains or boats. The current structure of the airline sector is fairly composite. There are many markets, all of which host two main dimensions, product and geographic. The product of which being the passenger, and the geographic being the destination. At all levels, it shows characteristics of oligopoly and competition; however, there is very little evidence to show that the airline industry is a natural monopoly, where one firm stands out from the rest. The characteristics of the industry show that there are few firms, a substantial market share and high barriers of entry, all of which indicate the sector as an oligopoly market structure. So much so that the leading four firms, United Air Lines, American Airlines, Delta and Northwest, make up 64% of the market share. As these companies make up such a high percentage, it makes the industry highly concentrated, meaning that merges are becoming more and more common. This means that the market concentration will increase in the future (Blythe 2005 p 15). Literature review British Airways: Company Profile: British Airways is the biggest world wide passenger airline. The main activities of British Airways and its subsidiary undertakings are the operation of international as well as domestic planned and charter air services for the safe and comfortable transportation of passengers, freight and mail as well as the prerequisite of additional services. The Airline had a total of 373 aircraft in operation as of September 30, 2001 (Proctor 2000 p 56). A total number of employees about 50,000 and a route network comprised of 150 destinations in 72 countries. Its fleet is composed of more than 350 aircrafts. BA is the airline company with the most flights from Europe to North America in the world (Peter 2006 p 90). BA was formed in 1973, as the outcome of the merger between State-owned

Information communication Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information communication Technology - Essay Example Precisely, flying to Barcelona is the cheapest of the four destinations. The costs of airport transfers also vary from destination to destination and are cheaper in Europe than in the US. For this case, it requires  £ 34.17 in Miami, Florida,  £ 40.30 in New York,  £ 25.13 in Barcelona and  £ 33.67 in Rome. Considering that the elder members of the family can both drive, there is a need that they hire a car upon their arrival in their destinations. For this case, it will cost the family  £ 250.17 to hire a car for the entire period of stay in Miami, about 250.24 in New York, 339.62 and 268.94. The most expensive element of the trip will be the expenditure on the hotel because of the ten-day stay will cost about  £ 2612.85 in Miami, Florida. The same services cost 2224.97 in New York City,  £ 1885.15 in Barcelona and  £ 10 193 in Rome, Italy. The cheapest rates of travel insurance for British Airline are an assumed flat rate of  £ 28.24 for a period of 31 days. The presented values represent the cheapest rates of travel for the first-class coaches and five-star hotels. However, the prices do not include entry charges for venues that the family may wish to tour. It is therefore comparatively cheaper to tour Barcelona from London the remaining places. For this case, the total for all the expenses up to the return journey are  £3786.99 for Barcelona against higher charges for the rest of the preferred destinations. The most expensive place to visit is Rome, for which case the family will pay  £11176.90. The quoted figures are all combined for the entire family based on the age category. The figures also represent the lowest in the market, for which the family has the choice of choosing otherwise. If they chose otherwise, the costs would rise depending on the airline that they will use. In the spreadsheet, the entered figures and their summation occur for each column enabling a comparative analysis of the costs of the travel. As it emerges from the

The definition of value action gap

The definition of value action gap Value-action Gap The value-action gap is a term used to describe the gap that can occur when the values or attitudes of an individual do not correlate to their actions. More generally, it is the difference between what people say and what people do. This discrepancy is most associated within environmental geography, as usually attitudes affect behavior; however the opposite often seems to be the case with regard to environmental attitudes and behaviors (Blake 1999; Barr 2004). The outcome is that there is a disparity between the value placed on the natural environment and the level of action taken by individuals to counter environmental problems. This has been termed the ‘value-action gap, or occasionally, it is referred to as the ‘attitude-behavior gap (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). Debates surrounding the issue of the value-action gap have mainly taken place within environmental and social psychology. Research is often based within cognitive theories of how attitudes are formed and how this affects individuals behavior (Blake 1999). This aims to explain why those with a high regard for environmental issues do not translate this into their behavior. The research suggests that there are many internal and external factors that affect behavior and the reasons behind consumer choices. Therefore, it can be difficult to identify the exact reasons for why this gap exists. When purchasing a product for example, many attributes are assessed when making decisions and these affect the reasons behind buying behavior such as; price, quality, convenience, and brand familiarity (Dickson 2001). Therefore, environmental or ethical considerations are often not taken into account, regardless of attitudes people have regarding the environment. Therefore, it is not a change in attitudes that is required, but a fundamental shift in behavior towards the environment and individuals use of natural resources, to ensure sustainable development and conservation of the environment. The rest of the page will outline the usage of the term in the literature, and examples in various studies. The final part will summarize the key debates surrounding why a value-action gap exists, starting with the most influential. 1. Development of the term: Summary: Theories regarding reasoned action state how attitudes shape and influence behavioral intention, which in term shape actions. The theory of reasoned action states that behavioral intention is dependent on attitudes surrounding that behavior and social norms (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975).   This means that a person acts or behaves in a way that correlates to their attitudes towards that behavior. Therefore, a persons voluntary behavior can be predicted by his/her attitudes and values on that behavior (Kaiser et al 1999). Homer and Kahle (1988) argue that attitudes influence behaviors and therefore values can explain the reasons behind human behavior. However, the opposite appears to be the case for certain actions, especially those related to environmental or ethical actions. In recent decades, public support for environmental protection measures has grown and, according to Barr (2004), there has also been a growing interest in ethical consumption. This has been fuelled by pressure groups, consumer groups, and even businesses (Young et al 2010).Furthermore, increased media coverage of environmental disasters and social problems has also resulted in a heightened concern of such issues. This was given a political boost by the publication of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change (Stern 2006). Therefore, people are more aware of environmental issues, such as global warming or climate change. It is often reported that many people have a high concern for environmental issues and ethical consumption, for example, Dunlap (2002) used survey date which states that 54% of Americans agreed environmental protection was a key priority, even if economic growth was restricted. Furthermore, Banerjee and Solomon (2003) also argue that the general support for Ecolabels and ethical foods is high among the US public. With these studies in mine, it is expected that there would be an increase in pro-environmental behavior, such as recycling, or limiting energy usage (Flynn et al 2010). However, these positive attitudes have not translated into a large increase these behaviors and ethical consumption is still relatively low (Aguiar et al 2009). Thus, attitudes are not always a clear prediction of behavior, resulting in the ‘value-action gap. This is shown within the market share for ethical goods, which is low in comparison to other goods. According to Young et al (2010) the market share of ethical foods is only 5% of total food sales in the UK. Even well known, high-profile ethical products still have a small percentage of the market share. Ronchi (2006) reports that the global sales of Fairtrade were over US$83 million in 2003, yet the total value of Fairtrade sales accounts for little over 0.01% of global trade. Thus, consumers buying behavior does not reflect their positive attitudes towar d ethical products (De Pelsmacker et al 2006). This means that other factors are more significant that values relating to the environment. This environmental value-action gap is of key importance to environmental policy, as it is prevalent across scales, and finding ways to overcome it should increase the effectiveness of policies. 2. Application (Further explanation and examples): Even though many support ethical trade in principle, this is often not taken into consideration as a purchase criterion. Cohen and Murphy (2001) argue that for around 40% of consumers the environmental friendliness of a product will never be a factor in purchasing decisions regardless of positive attitudes towards ethical consumption. There are many studies which support the existence of a value-action gap. Mostly these can be found within the field of environmental geography. Lane and Potter (2007) found a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior regarding the adoption of cleaner vehicles. They reported that concern for the environmental impact of cars did not result in behavioral changes at the individual level. Thus, what consumers reported as their intended actions or concerns often did not translate into their actual behavior. Furthermore, Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) also found that positive consumer attitudes towards sustainability were not consistent with their behavioral patterns. They found that even when attitudes were positive towards sustainable dairy products, intentions to buy these products was low. They also found that peoples perceptions of the availability of sustainable dairy products was low, which might explain why intentions to buy was low.   Additionally, evidence of this gap has been found with organic food as illustrated by Hughner et al (2007) who show that despite 46-67% of the population expressing favorable attitudes for organic food, the actual purchase behavior is only 4-10% of different product ranges. 3. Key debates: The main debates surrounding the issue of the value action gap are described below: Factors that affect behavior: The key issue is why our attitudes often fail to materialize into concrete actions (Barr 2004). There are many factors that lead to an individuals behavior, and therefore it is not just personal values that affect behavior.   Peoples values are not fixed and are negotiated, and sometimes, contradictory. Cognitive factors alone will not adequately explain environmental action (Chung and Leung 2007). The decision-making process is hard to predict as positive attitudes are not followed by positive intentions. Attitudes alone are a poor predictor of intentional behavior as there are many more factors that influence pro-environmental behavior (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). In models of behavior, information generates knowledge, which then shapes attitudes, leading to behavior. However, what shapes behavior is a complex process. The result is that attitudes are not necessarily a clear determinant of behavior. Blake (1999) argues that the relationship between attitudes and behaviors is moderated by the structure of personal attitudes themselves; and external or situational constraints. He argues that if attitudes are based on direct experience then they are more likely to be predictors of behavior and behaviors often result from social norms. External or situational constraints refer to restrictions outside the individuals control, such as economic of political factors. Young et al (2010) argue point out that the gap can be due to â€Å"brand strength; culture, finance; habit; lack of information; lifestyles; personalities; or, trading off between different ethical factors† (p22). Moreover, time or convenience can often be the major determinant of consumer behavior, and therefore the value-action gap in understandable for environmental and ethical products. Vermeir and Verbeke (2006) argue that consumers are passive with regard to sustainable consumption, and work within their budget rather than following their values. Furthermore, behavior is often based on habit and therefore values concerning the environment are usually not taken into consideration. People act impulsively and in ways that do not correspond to their declared evaluations and goals (Boulstridge and Carrigan, (2000). Therefore, this can account for the low market share of sustainable products (Minteer et al 2004). There are also many different theories regarding how consumers make decisions. These can be applied to try and explain why there is a value-action gap for some behaviors. For example, microeconomic theory (consumer theory) states that, â€Å"humans make decisions that maximize their utility† (Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen 2006:188). Therefore, if buying ethical or environmental products does not maximize their utility then they will not purchase them, regardless of their attitudes towards these issues. Making these decisions requires a comparison of the costs and benefits of alternative actions, rather than about certain values, within their budgetary constraint. This means other factors, such as price or quality, are still more important. Moreover, Chatzidakis et al (2007) argue that consumers use neutralization techniques to justify pursuing their more selfish goals instead of purchasing environmental friendly or ethical products. Therefore, environmental values are usually less dominant in the decision-making. Thus, the main motivations for actions are self-interest rather than altruistic (McEachern and McClean 2002). Therefore, Ajzen and Fishbein (1975) point out that in order to find a high correlation between values and actions, the researcher has to measure the attitude toward that particular behavior. (The factors involved in making people willing to reduce environmental damage are fundamentally different from the factors involved in making people take active steps to reduce damage and to improve the environment.) Information deficit: One key explanation for the discrepancy between attitudes and buying behavior is the lack of information on certain issues (Dickson 2000). This is considered a significant barrier to ethical behavior. The most effective means to overcome the value-action gap is to translate environmental concern into pro-environmental behavior. Many argue this can be achieved by increasing information. Blake (1999) identifies that the core assumption regarding the value-action gap is that the main barrier between environmental concern and action is the lack of appropriate information. Eden (1996) argues that polices fail to understand the gap between information and action. She argues that understanding of issues creates awareness and it is this understanding that is the cause of behavior.   Hence, it is often considered that one of the most effective ways to encourage pro-environmental behavior is to highlight important facts around the issues. Environmental education is one way in which these environmental messages can be delivered, and therefore filling the value-action gap with information should help to change public behaviors (Gale 2008, Burgess et al., 1998). Furthermore, Owens (2000: 1142) argues that â€Å"if people had more information about environmental risks, they would become more virtuous†. Traditional thinking supported this idea that increased knowledge tended to encourage favorable attitudes which, in turn, lead to pro-environmental action. Burgess et al (1998) called this the ‘information deficit model. Many Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) still base their campaigns around increasing awareness, on the assumption that this will led to action (Kollmuss and Agyeman 2002). Some argue that to increase environmental action there needs to be educational marketing campaigns on the ethical and environmental issues to change peoples attitudes towards these issues, and thus change their behavior (McEachern and McClean 2002). Many environmental policies are based around this ‘information deficit model as policy-makers assume that environmental education will lead people to act in order to meet policy objectives (Blake 1999). Owens (2000) points out that governments often aim to encourage action by increasing awareness and knowledge about certain issues. For ex ample the UK governments ‘Are You Doing Your Bit? campaign which was launched in 1998 aimed to develop public understanding of sustainable development, and thus, to encourage a change in behavior of individuals. However, the effect of increasing information on behavioral change is debatable. Different people will respond and interpret the same environmental information in various ways and sometimes it is interpreted in an opposite way to what is expected (Myers Macnaghten, 1998). Barr and Gilg (2002) argue that just increasing information will not lead to a behavior change that would close this gap, and information-intensive campaigns are likely to be unproductive. Due to the increased media attention surrounding environmental issues, and products such as Fairtrade having a high profile, it could be argued that there is already a lot of information on these issues, and it is considered that in the West, general awareness on environmental issues is high (Thornton 2009). Sammer and Wà ¼stenhagen (2006) point out that while people may be aware of ethical and environmental issues, this does not necessarily mean that it plays a major role in their actions. The result is that overall environmentally responsible behavior is low. These findings suggest that the value-action gap cannot be overcome simply by using an information deficit model of individual participation. Increasing information does not itself guarantee action at the individual level and information campaigns around raising awareness are not are effective as some may suppose (Jackson 2005). Even if values are high few people take environmental actions which involve changes to their lifestyle and often environmental actions that are taken are unrelated to particular concerns an individual may have.   This relates to broader issues surrounding methods of environmental governance. The value-action gap can be considered evidence against the use of non-state market driven (NSMD) form of governance which rely on consumers to create change.   If our attitudes are not translating into behavior then these methods are essentially flawed. This would suggest that other methods are more appropriate to encourage environmental action, such as regulation and economic incentives (taxes and grants)   (Retallack et al 2007) Attempts by government to affect public behavior have traditionally been based on providing knowledge through big publicity campaigns and changing behavior through Barriers to behavior: It is widely considered that there are many other barriers, besides a lack of information, which inhibit ethical behavior causing a value-action gap to exist. Numerous barriers can constrain motivations for action. Jackson (2005) uses the concept of ‘bounded rationality to explain how, even when individuals are pursuing utility, their decision making processes are ‘bounded by psychological and environmental constraints. Blake (1999) points out that various models of behavior are flawed in that they fail to take into consideration the social, individual and institutional constraints. Various conditions, institutions and personal day-to-day responsibilities constrain actions that can be regarded as ethical (Myers Macnaghten, 1998). Thus the cause of the value-action gap can be explained in terms of personal, social and structural barriers to action. Blake identifies that this gap is filled with barriers that block the progress from values to action. In his model, action is blocked by many factors intruding into the process, rather than just a lack of information. Moreover, barriers often overlap and are combined which limits behavioral change. Blake (1999) identifies three different categories of obstacles that exist between the sphere of concern and that of action: individuality; responsibility and practicality. However, which factors are important will vary for different individuals and environmental actions. * Individual barriers refer to environmental concerns being outweighed by other conflicting attitudes. People may perceive themselves as the wrong type of person to carry out ethical actions. * Responsibility barriers refers to the idea that people may not act despite supporting environmental action, because they believe it is not their responsibility to help solve environmental problems. Jackson (2005) identifies that the acceptance of personal responsibility for ones actions and an awareness of their consequences is the basis for the intention to perform a pro-environmental or pro-social behavior. ( Lack of trust) * Finally, practical constraints prevent people from adopting pro-environmental action, regardless of their attitudes or intentions. These include lack of time, money, physical storage space (in the case of recycling), as well as lack of information, encouragement and pro-environmental facilities such as recycling and adequate public transport provision. Some people may also be physically unable to carry out some environmental actions. There will be some overlaps between different barriers and the reasons why people do not engage in pro-environmental action. Therefore, Blake argues that policies need to tackle these barriers, not just provide more information or recycling facilities. Retallack et al (2007) also identifies other barriers such as uncertainty, skepticism about the issue and distrust of national governments and organizations. organizations that are trusted more by the public, such as environmental NGOs, are likely to be most successful. Attitude-Behaviour-Constraint (ABC) Model of Paul Stern (2000) Market-based mechanisms. Solutions: Criticism: * 4 See also Attitudes, behavior, cognitive psychology, social psychology, theory of planned behavior, social marketing Commentary: I chose this topic because the gap between attitudes and behaviors is something that really interests me.   I find it interesting that people can have values on something but then not act upon them. This is something I wanted to explore further, and try to tease out what the barriers to action were, leading to a value-action gap. The term value-action gap did not have a page so   I thought it was appropriate to create one, furthermore there is very little on the whole of Wikipedia on this topic as other key terms, such as the ‘information-deficit model did not have a page. However, this also made it more difficult writing my own page as I could not hyperlink these terms, meaning I had to add more explanation. I created the page by adding a short summary on the value-action gap, then going into a more detailed explanation of the term. The article then goes on to explore some of the key debates surrounding the issue. Both for and against arguments are explored in order to maintain neutrality to the page. Therefore, writing neutral while still being critical.   I followed the structure of other pages relating to environmental geography to ensure coherence within Wikipedia. The three schools of thought start with the earliest/most influential. In comparison to the length of other essays written this year, I found this assignment difficult due to the limited space allocated to explore the topic. This meant that some points were not as detailed as I would have liked and there were other points I would have liked to have included.   Therefore, I chose to narrow to page down to a few detailed points and focus on a specific topic. I wanted to ensure the individual sections were not too long as on Wikipedia many articles are split into quite small sections. Also due to the layout of the website, even 500 words can look like a lot. The phrase ‘value-action gap is rarely a topic itself in the literature, therefore writing a neutral page explaining the term was difficult. I wanted to make sure that anyone could understand it, even if they had to prior knowledge to environmental issues. The idea of the value-action gap is also something that can potentially affect everyone, and therefore I thought it would be a good topic for Wikipedia, as anyone can understand and relate to the issues in hand. I also purposely used clear and concise language to ensure anyone; especially people without academic knowledge could also understand the topic. Reflection on the feedback from the last assignment was to include lots of information and academic resources.   To ensure a clear structure and identify the key characteristics. This is because it is also important to show the theoretical side. The changes represent a broader theoretical perspective that hopefully others will find useful. Moreover, certain words have been linked to other Wikipedia pages, such as ‘network governance so I dont have to go into more depth on definitions of phrases, and readers can choose to further explore these terms. It was also interesting to write for an audience and exciting to know that if a Google search is done for the term, then something I have written will be one of the first articles. Tried to remember the audience is potentially global. What I have learnt about Wikipedia in general is that it can often be a very useful source of knowledge, especially for background information on a topic. Many of the pages are actually quite long and packed with sources and information, which means the reader can usually gain a good overview of the topic. Therefore, a number of entries are a lot more academic than some may suppose. This suggests that Wikipedia is more reliable than most realise as many of the pages are written by academics. Furthermore, something I did not realize was how well the site is analyzed and checked by many members, which ensure that false information cannot be put up. Made me realise how many more pages still need to be created. the ‘Value Action Gap. It basically describes those situations where a person holds values that are inconsistent with their behaviour. Its particularly evident in peoples attitudes towards the environment- we have the knowledge but when it comes to actually doing something about it, other factors take greater presidence e.g. economic. Smoking†¦ The value-action gap is a term used in environmental geography. It describes the gap between the high value of the environment and seriousness of the problem of damaging it, and the relatively low level of action taken by the population to counter the problem. It is often agreed that there are numerous barriers of motivation for individual and collective environmental action, and that the factors involved in making people willing to reduce environmental damage are fundamentally different from the factors involved in making people actually take active steps to reduce damage and to improve the environment[1]. It is therefore argued that a fundamental shift in the attitudes held by individual citizens towards the environment and their use of natural resources is needed to ensure sustainable development.

The patriot act Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Patriot Act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Patriot Act is a bill that was passed in the wake of 9/11/01. Not even two months after the horrific event which we all know as 911, the bill was passed with great haste and secrecy. The bill was passed on October 26, 2001. The bill was passed to raise the security of the country. Sadly many speculate that most of the members in congress did not even read the 342 page bill. Within a matter of days the executive branch with its new powers began to initiate many new executive orders, policies, regulations and practices that many feel threaten our rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The bill has expanded terrorism laws to include domestic terrorism which subjects political organizations to be surveillance, wiretapping, harassment, and criminal charges for political advocacy. Many feel that this is an attack on the first amendment, which is freedom of religion, speech, assembly and freedom of the press. The bill has also expanded the powers of law enforcement agencies(police, FBI, CIA, NSA). Law enforcement agents now have the ability to conduct secret searches, place telephone and internet surveillance, and can access personal medical, financial, and student records with minimal judicial oversight. Many feel that this is an attack on the fourth am...

Food and Beverage Essay

What does the term ‘right of admission’ mean ? (6) It means that a Proprietor allows the customers of his hotel and he reserves the right admission with him . Entry of customers subject to rights of hotel owners. It also means that the store owner or management are allowed to deny entry to potential customers without giving just cause . The decision as to who is allowed in or out is usually up to the store owners discretion , which can be in good judgement or not . The right of admission notice also allows the shop security to search your bag or your person at their own discretion. For proper justifications , the owner may restrict the Right of Admission to certain categories of people or customers in the following events : (i) If the customer is a nuisance under the influence of alcohol , drug or lunatic . (ii) If the customer is naked (though simple dress code is allowed) (iii) If the customer is below 18 years of age , that too in a restaurant /hotel who has been given a permit for serving alcohol or drugs. (iv) If the customer is fighting or disturbing or causing annoyance to other customers. Etc -If the owner does not use his above ‘Right of Admission’, then another customer can sue the Hotel/Restaurant for deliberate negligence with criminal abetment and for ‘defiency in service’ besides for ‘damages’ to untold extents. QUESTION 2 Give five characteristics of a good beverage manager and explain in your own words why these characteristics are important. (15) (i) People-oriented A beverage manager must be comfortable leading their employees and working with public . In fast food restaurants , some managers also work as cashiers. In fine dining establishments the manager is expected to walk the floor and talk to the patrons . At the same time they have to ensure their employees are working efficiently . If a customer has a complaint , its usually up to the manager to smooth things over and make sure the customer wants to return in the future . (ii) Honesty In some cases beverage managers work for the owner of the establishment , who has entrusted his/her managers with the restaurants profits and supplies . Stealing from the establishment or other dishonesty is a fast way to lose the owners trust and make it difficult to find a similar position in the future . (iii) Organized Advance preparation is a key success factor in restaurant operations. Beverage managers must be strong administrators . Your employees will rely on you to decide what days and times they are working and what their responsibilities are so scheduling staff hours is a key task , as well as handling payroll. Your employees will expect to be paid regularly and at the same time each week or every two weeks , whatever the schedule is . (iv) Willing to learn and lead It will be the beverages managers responsibility to make sure the restaurant does not face liability issues, so he will need to stay up to date on safety certifications and management techniques. Employee retention can be a major success factor in the quality of services and reduce new employee expenses , such as training time , new uniforms and the time it takes to learn the job . (v) Flexiibility with hours His hours will depend on the venue for which he works. If he works in a restaurant or a bar , he might at times need to work late at night . He must be prepared for all situations if his goal is to work in management . QUESTION 3 What is the difference between on-consumption and off-consumption of liquor ? (6) (i) On – consumption On consumption liquor is liquor which can be sold and consumed on licensed premises. E. g hotels , clubs , and restaurants (ii) Off- consumption Off consumption liquor is liquor sold that is going to be consumed off the premises. Examples of these premises include shops , liquor producers and liquor stores. QUESTION 4 Why should the requirements of a bar control system be identified independently of the requirements of an accounting system ? (8) The requirements of a bar control system must be identified independently of the requirements of an accounting system because the bar control system is actually controlled by the accounting system . And the bar control system focuses on the stock available for the customers . A bar control system controls issues from the store or cellar . The accounting system ensures the compliance system with accounting policies and procedures . QUESTION 5 Explain the possible causes of discrepancies between sales at selling price on the bar liquor stock sheet and actual sales recorded. (10) Discrepancies in stock management refers to the difference between actual quantities of stock of material available in a bar and the available quantities as per stock records . Major causes of stock discrepancies are: Any discrepancies between sales at selling price on the bar liquor stock sheet may indicate theft by employees or customers . Not taking stock takes occasionally and spontaneously. Actual liquor stock issued from the store being different from the quantity recorded . Actual quantity of liquor received from the store being different from the quantity recorded. Liquor stored at the wrong place and therefore not considered during physical stock verification . Losses during storage for reasons such as evaporation and losses handling . Errors in ascertaining quantities physically available . Receipt or issues entries made in records under wrong item . There could be spillages . An employee could be over or under totting . QUESTION 6 If sales at cost price are R1650 and sales at selling price are R6600: (a) What is the percentage of cost of sales (show the formula you use ) ? (4) Cost/sales*100=cost of sales R1650/R6000*100 1 /4 25. = 25% cost of sales (b) What is the gross profit percentage ? (2) 100%-% of cost of sales 100%-25% = 75% QUESTION 7 What is the difference between a cocktail and a shooter ? (5) (i) Cocktail : An alcoholic drink consisting of a spirit or several spirits mixed with other ingredients , such as fruit juices , lemonade , or cream (ii) A shooter: a shooter is usually a mixed drink that amounts about 2 to 3 tots in a shot glass. They are generally drunk quickly , rather than being sipped . QUESTION 8 Why do cocktails have the potential to improve the gross profits of the bar ? (4) Cocktails have a potential to improve the gross profits in a bar because they are pricey than any other liquor . Its easy to generate sales from the customer that you already have . This is were a good cocktail list can be a greatest asset . If someone comes in and orders a Campari and soda , and you can up-sell them to an Americano , everybody wins . Its also easy to create new and unique cocktails with a little something extra to entice the customers, which can easily sell. With cocktails its easy to cut costs to increase profit without increasing sales volume. iQUESTION 9. Why would you want to garnish a cocktail ? (3) Garnishing a cocktail will add character or style to a cocktail as garnishes are decorative ournaments . You can garnish with eg carrot sticks , cherries , cinnamon , cocktail olives , pepper , salt etc QUESTION 10 Explain the difference between the shake method and the stir method of making cocktails . (8) (i) Shake method Is the method by which you use a cocktail shaker to mix ingredients together and chill them simultaneously. The object is to almost freeze the drink whilst breaking down and combining the ingredients. Normally this is done with ice cubes three quarters of the way full . When you have poured in the ingredients , hold the shaker in both hands with one hand on top and one supporting the base and give a short, sharp, snappy shake (ii) Stir method Is a more gentle technique for mixing cocktails and is used to delicately combine the drinks with a perfect amount of dilution . You stir cocktails that use only distilled spirits or very light mixers . Stirring takes longer than shaking to chill a drink. You can stir cocktails effectively with a metal or glass rod in a mixing glass. If ice is to be used , use ice cubes to prevent dilution , and strain the contents into a glass when the surface of the mixing glass begins to collect condensation . QUESTION 11 What does the term ‘bruising’ mean with regards to making cocktails ? (2) Its what happens when you shake a drink for too long. If you put your liquor in a shaker and then shake for a second the drink comes out cold . If you shake it for too long then the drink becomes bruised meaning there are pieces in the actual drink . QUESTION 12 Give the recipes for popular cocktails based on each of the following (nine recipes) . Rum , Brandy, Gin (15) (a) Rum (i) Daiquiri- 11/2 tots light rum (ii) Mojito-2tsp sugar 3/4ml lime juice 6-8mint leaves ? ml sugar syrup club soda 1 lime,halved 2 tots light rum Mint sprig for garnish (ii) Hurrcane-2 tots light rum 2tots dark rum 2oz passion fruit juice 1oz orange juice Juice of half a lime 1tbsp simple syrup 1tbsp grenadine Orange slice and cherry for garnish (b) Brandy (i) Apple Fizz-ice cubes (ii) sidecar – ice cubes 2parts apple brandy 3tots brandy 5parts carbonated apple juice 3parts triple sec 50ml lemon juice 1part lemon or lime juice Lemon slice to garnish. (ii) Metropolitan cocktail- ice cubes 3tots brandy 2parts sweet vermouth Sugar syrup to taste 2 dashes Angostura bitters (c) Gin (i) Bring it home – 2 tots Organic Nation Gin (iii) Delilah-11/2 tots Gin 11/2 tots Elder Flower Liquer ? tots Cointreau 11/2 measuresAlmond Syrup ? lemon juice 11/2 measures Lemon Juice Garnish: Cherry and lemon wedge (ii) Cherry bitch- 6 tots Bulldog Gin 1bag black currant tea 3-5 fresh cherries ? measures lime juice ? measures apple juice 1 measure syrup Garnish – orange peel twist QUESTION 13 As the bar man manager you are training a new bar man. Explain to him (or her ) in your own words how to serve a whiskey and soda . (5) Whisky should be served always with some ice tray and soda. These are the two perquisite of serving whisky. Being high in alcohol content , whisky blending requires spring water , and some tangy tinge. Different people like their whisky served in their own ways . So it would be a good idea if you place whisky with ice and soda in separate beakers . QUESTION 14 What glass would you use for serving Cognac or South African Liquer Brandy ? (1) Balloon Brandy Snifter Glass QUESTION 15 What is a Sambuco , why is it popular and how is it often served ? (3) Sambuco is an Italian liquor flavoured with maniseed that is often found in clear or white form . The most common way of serving sambuca is neat , on the rocks , with fresh water added or in coffee in place of sugar . Sambuca con mosca (neat with coffee beans floated atop) is a common Italian way . QUESTION 16 What is meant by the term ‘binder’ with reference to a cigar ? (3) The binder is what keeps (or binds) the filler leaves together . It is also a tobacco leaf , usually having little or no flavour , which is used to bind and contain the filler tobacco inside of a cigar.

political cartoons essays

political cartoons essays American political cartoons often follow the general displeasure of the government by the American people. They run the gamut from economics to foreign policy to the overwhelming popular topic of bureaucracy. As an avid reader of political cartoons on a daily basis I enjoy the humor and cynicism found within these forms of speech. Not only can they poke fun at politicians for their behavior, but, they often raise a strong sense of values and morals in the person that reads them. Whether a person agrees or disagrees with the way a certain topic is portrayed in the cartoon it accomplishes the artists goal of making their reader stop and ponder for a moment about the topic being covered and how it relates to them. From topics currently facing the United Nations, our federal government or current news events, the cartoonists use a medium that was once reserved for innocent humor and changes it so that it draws the readers attention (since it is a cartoon and people seem to enjoy reading the funnies), and makes a statement, whether direct or indirect, that often makes people speak about or try and change the topics outcome. Since the beginning of America political cartoons have often portrayed government officials as inept and sometimes just plain stupid. Politicians are very easy targets for the press and so become the subject of many daily papers editorial page cartoon. Although sometimes the cartoonist draws on current events and pay tribute to people who are often thought of with reverence. Take for example Charles Schultz, on the day following his death most cartoons as well as political cartoons payed homage to a person who is considered the greatest cartoonist of all time. Other cartoon strips showed their characters attending his funeral or missing him in some other way. While the most poignant political cartoon I remember about his death was by a cartoonist Mike Thompson of the Detroit free press. It showed Charlie Bro...

Utilization of Nanotechnology essays

Utilization of Nanotechnology essays Since the beginning of time, man has always been at work creating and developing new tools and objects to further aid our race, and make our life easier as the decades go on. From the cave man discovering fire, to the creation of atomic bomb, the human race has always developed new forms of technology, good or bad. At this current stage and age in our existence, we have stumbled upon probably the most useful technology ever devised by man, and that is Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is defined as the branch of engineering that deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers especially with the manipulation of individual molecules. Nanotechnology has allowed us to delve into things that were once thought impossible, and only lived in science-fiction products such as star trek. However, because of this engineering branch we might one day be able to say Beam me up Scotty as Nanotechnology deals with the manipulation of molecules, and arranging them as we see fit. Who knows, we may some day, though the use of this gifted breakthrough in science, may very well be able to replicate every cell of the human body, and transport it through some electrical means, which are managed by a computer devised of the same technology, and transfer it to another specified location. Thus we have a transporter such as the ones we loved to see function in Star Trek. Thus is the concept of Nanotechnology, and what it has to offer us. Seeing what it has done already, who knows what awaits for us in the near future. ...

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing Essay

Societal Benchmark in Advanced Practice Nursing - Essay Example remains a general consensus that the real credit for the evolution and practical implementation of APN History of Advanced Practice Nurse goes to the American Civil War 1861. That was when the APN implementation began processing and started developing (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). However, CRNA did not get introduced easily and the process did not go smooth because certain barriers regarding legislation cropped up during the early 1900’s. The nursing staff everywhere was not easily granted rights to administer anesthesia because such rights were questioned by the medical profession. People in the medical profession objected on grounds that the concept of nurses administering anesthesia would imply that they are practicing out of their scope which would not present a very nice image (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). Therefore, legislation in Kentucky (Frank VS South) nurses needed to be licensed to administer anesthesia. With time, things started developing and in 1931 foundation for the A merican Association of Nurse Anesthetist (AANA) was laid and 1945 the mandatory certification for CNRA’s got established which changed circumstances phenomenally (Ray, 2005). Other factors also assisted in the development like there were no professional nurses at that time and catholic sisters served as nurses. Also during the 20th century, the increase in immigration and trends toward industrialization and urbanization contributed significantly in refining the image of APN role in the healthcare system with the result that other nursing specialties emerged. The approach of the Nurse Practitioner was such that primary care was provided to the poverty stricken immigrants during World War II so that more worthwhile opportunities got revealed to benefit NP (Keeling & Biglee, 2009). This approach proved to be effective as when physicians had too much on their plates and were too busy to care for all the wounded, the NPs were granted the right to go beyond the realm of caring and handle other

Animal diseases and how effect in human Thesis Proposal

Animal diseases and how effect in human - Thesis Proposal Example Basically, the growth of livestock production has resulted in the expansion of possibilities for the spread of disease. The methods of animal domestication, particularly the living and housing conditions of highly domesticated animals considerably create risks of exposure to disease-carrying organisms (Wyld 110). This thesis analyzes the current human health risks posed by the growing livestock industry, and the legal aspect of and solution to this problem. The risks of disease can be prevented or lessened with proper techniques of animal domestication. Unfortunately, management of animal resources is largely tied to sustaining or boosting efficiency or output. Before, cattleman could care for animals more thoroughly. Nowadays, the number of cattlemen is not just fewer, but they are also obliged to attend to massive numbers of domesticated animals as cost efficiently and productively as possible (Sapkota et al. 663). The decrease in the number of workforce in livestock farming alongside the escalating production of domesticated animals can result in poor hygiene and disease management which, consequently, may lead to the spread of communicable disease among the domesticated animals and perhaps even transmission to human beings in the immediate vicinity. There is also the possibility of diseased animal protein contaminating the food chain and threatening the health of human beings (Sapkota et al. 663-664). A particular disease control practice used in rigorous animal domestication is to recognize the commonness of disease or the chronic presence of viruses. Vaccinations and antibiotic medicines are hence regularly given in order to maintain the health and productivity of domesticated animals (Smith & Kelly 29). When disease epidemics take place, it may not be feasible to harvest stock because of the sheer size of the population of domesticated animals. Likewise, cattle houses may have been inadequately built and cannot be correctly or thoroughly sanitized, and

Environmental Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Pollution - Essay Example There are four various rank of coal: anthracite, bituminous, lignite and sub-bituminous (Plant et al., 2012). The fuel obtained from coal has several uses in industries and other sectors such as power stations. In power stations, coal is used as a fuel, in generating of electricity. Coal accounts for 39 percent of the world’s electricity. Electricity is essential in promoting economic growth and improving living standards. Coal is also used in the making of cement. It is used as a fuel to give the high temperatures required, approximately 1450 degrees Celsius, in the furnace used in the burning of raw materials used in making cement. The raw materials include calcium carbonate, iron oxide, silica and alumina which are combined and burnt to produce clinker. The clinker is then combined with gypsum to produce cement. Purified coal tar is used in the production of chemicals like naphthalene, benzene, cresol oil. Ammonia gas found in coke furnace is used for making ammonia salts, fertilizers used in agriculture and nitric acid. The manufacture of steel and iron is dependent on coal. Coal is burnt in hot kilns for production coke. The coke is then used for extraction of iron from its ore in order to make steel. Coal is also used to make plastics by the use of methanol and ethylene found in coal. Coal industry has several negative impacts on the environment. The effects include thermal pollution, formation of acid rain, micro plastics, and presence of mercury in fish, acidification of oceans, flourishing of algae, and death of fish. When coal is burnt it releases mercury into the atmosphere, which settles in water bodies with time. When the fish take in the polluted water, mercury accumulates in their body fat. When nitrogen, a byproduct of combustion of coal, finds its way into the rivers or lakes, it increases the nutrient level in the water bodies causing eutrophication. It also results to the bloom of algae. Sulphur (IV) oxide and

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Example for Free

Lamb to the Slaughter Essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyles style of making the reader want to read on is a world apart from Dahls efforts, although the actual plot hooks you immediately in any Sherlock Holmes story. Doyle focuses on the man himself to ensure the readers full attention to the story. He uses Holmes superb character, a man sharper than a knife, more cunning than a fox and an untouchable track record to reel in the readers. The way he talks, he acts and follows out investigations and eventually solving them gives the reader an air of unpredictability around Holmes. Questions roll through your mind as you advance through a story featuring the famous detective, of how he ever unveiled something so sealed from view, its beyond belief, how he cheated death in the most frightening circumstances. Sherlock Holmes intelligence as a detective is matched by none and its this that Doyle uses to keep the reader entertained and on the edge of his/her seat throughout all of his Sherlock Holmes novels. Which proves that characters in a book, not always its plot make a story memorable. The endings of the two stories were an underlining big factor in what set them apart. Lamb to the Slaughter saw Mary Maloney murdering her husband spontaneously with a bizarre object, which proved much to her advantage as the story ended with the local police, who were investigating the murder, eating the only evidence to actually put Mary Maloney away for the ultimate crime. And in the other room, Mary Maloney began to giggle. As I read this, my feelings towards Mrs Maloney suddenly doubled back and began moving in the opposite direction. From the point when Mr Maloney sternly gave his loving wife the cold shoulder early on in the story, I had been resentful to him and a supporter of Mrs Maloney. Even when she had murdered her cold husband and proceeded to pull the wool over everyones eyes with her guilty conscience, I remained faithful, but as I read that last sentence, Marys crime came into perspective and it repulsed me to see her get away with such a terrible crime and be smug about it. This however, in my opinion was intended by Dahl. In a clever twist he had been playing with our emotions throughout and had left it until the last moment to cease his spell over the reader. This ending was certainly unexpected and made the story twice as enjoyable and successful as it already was. The Speckled Bands ending, as mentioned earlier is immensely diverse from that of Lamb to the Slaughters. From the outset, the result of Holmes investigation was clearly obvious. No case goes unsolved when Sherlock Holmes takes it by the horns. The point of reading Holmes stories is in order to experience Sherlock himself, as explained earlier this is Sir Arthur Conan Doyles way of making the reader want to read on. Once again, Holmes didnt disappoint us by solving the case. He picked up on the detail much forgotten by myself, the fact that Dr Roylott, Miss Stoners father had a collection of animals inspired by his work in India. Once Sherlock had studied the room in which the death of Helen Stoners sister had taken place, he had it in mind that a venomous snake was the culprit. This was in fact the reality of the matter and Sherlock had saved the day again. The way in which Holmes solved the case, as always provided the superb story we have come to expect from Doyle. Some of the blows of my cane came home, and roused its snakish temper, so that it flew upon the first person it saw. In this way I am no doubt indirectly responsible for Dr Grimesby Roylotts death, and I cannot say that it is likely to weigh very heavily upon my conscience. These final sentences of the story, not only demonstrate Holmes renowned intelligence, but wit as he printed a smile on my face with the final quip about the doctors death weighing on his conscience. The ending had me imagining a film adaptation of the story, Sherlock stepping from view, leaving a bemused Watson to follow, trusty notepad in hand, as credits rolled across the screen. To say what my favourite ending was would be unfair as I am evidently a Sherlock Holmes fanatic, but both stories were fantastic and worth the hour or so I spent on each. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.